Assess the Impact of the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 free essay sample

Assess the impact of the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. (30) The treaty of Vienna came as a result of the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. The treaty of Vienna was a result of the British trying to keep the peace within Europe. The treaty of Vienna reflected the diversity within ‘Italy’; the treaty reflected most of the wishes of Metternich along with the desires of Austria. Prince Metternich’s desires were to restore the old pre- 1796 order the fact which represented within the terms of the Vienna Settlement. Metternich also wished to impose a conservative settlement which would crush the hopes of the liberals and nationalists within Italy and Europe. At this moment of time there was a very separate ‘Italy’. ‘Italy’ was divided into separate states who had their own customs and languages. The treaty of Vienna had many impacts one which affected the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont). The treaty of Vienna recognised and restored the house of Savoy as the rightful rulers of Piedmont. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the Impact of the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The immediate effect of this was that Victor Emmanuel I returned to Piedmont and started to restore an absolutist state. Other effects of the treaty of Vienna were that the code Napoleon was repealed along with various rights such as free trials. Other impacts were the Church was restored to its privileged status. The last important change to Piedmont was introduced at Vienna was that the port and state of Genoa was granted to the house of Savoy. Other effects of the treaty of Vienna was upon Lombardy and Venice the Austrian dominance of Italy and it’s political life was assured by the return of Lombardy to Austrian control. However it was strengthened by the recognition at Vienna of Austria’s annexation of Venice. The impact of the treaty upon the Papal States was that the Pope was restored to his position as spiritual and temporal ruler of the Papal States. The Code Napoleon was also abolished within most parts of the Papal States and the Papal legal codes were re-established. The impact of the treaty of Vienna on the Central Duchies left the Central Duchies firmly under Austrian control. Also within the Central Duchies education was improved and set up hospitals and food relief during the outbreak of typhus in 1815-16 and allowed freedom of expression which was not allowed in the rest of ‘Italy’. The new ruler of Parma was equally broadminded. She scrapped the Code Napoleon but replaced it with something similar. The impact on the Kingdom of Naples was that the Bourbon King Ferdinand I was restored to his throne with a vague promises of maintaining some legacy of French and British influence in Naples and Sicily respectively. The Church was also restored to its power and former authority. Many liberal projects were introduced by the French in Naples such as road building. At Sicily within this moment of time the British inspired constitution was destroyed which was much to the frustration of the Notability who had enjoyed the power that British constitution had given them. Overall one can assume that the Kingdoms of the Papal States, the Central Duchies and the Kingdom of Naples were also progressive states as one can examine from the events which took place in these states. One can also assume that Piedmont, Lombardy and Venice and Sicily was reactionary as they all reacted to the end on the Napoleon rule and these states started to revert to their old customs. The role of Austria and Metternich over Italy was considerable and Metternich insistence was very liberal. The liberal views within Italy were that all the separate states should stay separate there was a big sense of nationalism in this part of time. The Nationalist views at this moment of time were very few and far in-between as many people associated from, what kingdom they came from their views were crushed as the states were still separated as there was individual’s state with separate forms of governments there was no chance of a Italy being liberal. One also assumes that the treaty of Vienna had good impacts for some of the kingdoms within Italy but not all of them as all the states never moved forward to an extent.

Business Social Dimension Role

Introduction Business is an entity of society. It is the economic sector of the society. Both the society and business relate and affect each other in very significant ways. Optimum productivity from both society and business arise from those activities that cater for the needs of both the business and the correspondent society simultaneously. This is the trend historically.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Business’ Social Dimension Role specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, for its own success business should seek to be party to those activities that gear towards the betterment of the society in which it carries out its business. Most importantly, with the current issue of globalisation, business should not only seek to increase its profits but should also seek to extend its social responsibility network to countries previously bound by national boundaries. The Role of Government in the Soc iety The government is a product of society. Historically, the government primarily meets the needs of society. It is consequently, supposed to act for the good of society. Firstly, the government is the regulator of activities within its jurisdiction. This is to mean that it is the body, in any modern society, tasked with the mandate of making laws. Secondly, the government is responsible of securing the economy of its respective nation by ensuring the stability of the national currency and governing trade within the nation and between the nation and the rest of the world. This as a result affects the quality of life of the public. Thirdly, the government is both a direct consumer and an investor in both the public and business. Governments all over the world have in the past provided capital to private business in order to encourage the industries in the country. The government largely consumes labour from the public and on the other hand invests in the production of such labour f or instance, through education. Role of Business in the Society The main role of business in the society is to produce both goods and services in order to meet demand created by the public. It must, however, do so in such a way that companies also make profits so that they can continue to exist. Businesses provide goods and services that both the public and governments cannot do without having. In addition to this, businesses also consume both products and services from both the government and the public such as labour (Kotler, Margaret and Turner 2011). Therefore, it is the responsibility of any business to give back to society. This way the company will gain acceptability in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Role of the Public in Society Both business and the government exist to serve the public. Therefore, the public is the main consumer of goods and s ervices produced by both the government and businesses. It provides a ready market for businesses and the government. In addition to this, the public is the main producer of labour for both the government and businesses. Stakeholders’ Framework A business stakeholder is a party that is involved in the business of business. The activities of the business affect him directly. Business stakeholders include the following. Internal stakeholders include the business owners (shareholders), employees and management. External stakeholders include the consumers, suppliers, other businesses, government and the public. Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Business to Its Internal Stakeholders Business has the responsibility to treat its entire internal stakeholder fairly and humanly. To its employees and management it has the duty to employ them without discrimination (e.g. on gender, religion or disability basis). It also has responsibility to compensate them reasonably and without un due delays. Moreover, it ensures safe working premises, to allow them rights to associate e.g. by allowing them freedom to join trade unions and to show each one of them their due dignity as a human being. Once a company or organization hires employees and management, they in turn become part of business and they have the responsibility to the shareholders (owners) to protect the confidentiality of the business. In addition, it is their obligation to treat the shareholders with the respect they deserve and to be faithful in their job of earning the shareholders profits.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Business’ Social Dimension Role specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social and Ethical Responsibility of Business to Its External Stakeholders Business has the moral obligation to the consumers and the public not to produce goods and services that have the potential to cause any harm to people. In addi tion, it is the responsibility of business not to unreasonably over charge the consumers for its goods and services. Recently it is has become the responsibility of business to contribute to the wellbeing of the society in which it carries out its business in the sense that a better society means a better environment for doing business. In fact, a business social dimension is a plus in the conduct of business. It makes the very people who buy services and goods the mere existence of that business. This makes them to want to buy their products more that create customer loyalty. Business also has the obligation to trade fairly with other businesses and its suppliers to ensure an optimal business environment and to meet its financial obligations accordingly. It also has the responsibility to obey the laws of the country/state in which it is carrying out its business. The accounting department is under obligation to represent the true financial position of business as required by the ac counting principles. The operations and production department should not produce products that can harm the consumers and/or destroy the environment. The sales and marketing department is under obligation to exercise marketing ethics such as fairness in pricing, transparency in giving any relevant details such as risk involved in the consumption of the product etc. The finance department should at all times exercise fairness in its operations such as pricing and payment of taxes. The human resource department should never discriminate potential employees on any basis apart from merit. In the event that there arises need to downsize, the HR department should exercise fairness when deciding who should be fired e.g. firing based on performance etc.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They should also ensure that those fired get adequate compensation for any reasonable inconveniences caused by the organisation e.g. by employing a send-off package to cover for expenses before the persons can secure another source of income etc (Hutt and Speh 2009). Top management bears the greatest responsibility when it comes to the issues of social responsibility and ethics. This is so because they are the face of the organisation and because they make the most important strategic decisions. They must therefore ensure that at all times they make decisions that do not infringe on the social rights of individuals both in and outside the organisation. Such decisions as what products to produce, the organisation’s policy on environmental conservation, corporate social responsibility, the organisation’s competitive advantage, and employees’ conduct policy and the organisations compliance to legal requirements should be based on research on the various stakeholder s affected by each decision, failure to which may affect the organisation’s productivity (Carnal 2007). The process of identification of stakeholders happens as day-to-day business activities take place through a process known as stakeholder analysis (the process of identifying parties that are impacted or that will affect an organisation’s course of action). This is because most of the stakeholders will be affected by (or will affect) the business of business. For instance, a rise in the demand of organisations products affects suppliers of raw materials significantly. Employees will have to work harder to meet the demand. On the other hand, other business will want to compete or do business with the organisation, consumers and society will be responsible for the increase in demand. At the end of the day, the shareholders/investors will enjoy the probable increase in income and the government will enjoy the taxes thereof. An organisation may classify its stakeholders based on the following The level of influence: This is the significance of the stakeholders’ contribution to the organisations decision-making process. Stakeholders such as the shareholders have very high influence on the decisions made by the organisation’s management. Legitimacy of the relationship: This implies on how official/viable the relationship between the organisation and the stakeholder is. The more official, the more the impact the stakeholder’s decisions will have on the organisation’s business and the more the organisation’s actions will affect the stakeholder. The urgency of the claims: Stakeholders such as the consumers may not have a legitimate relationship with an organisation but their claims should be met first if the business wants to proceed in business. Therefore, management should accord them the necessary attention or risk being out of business. Advantages of Stakeholder Analysis It helps to minimise and eliminate risks that could crop up due to misunderstanding the stakeholders e.g. breaking of environmental regulations. It also helps in identifying ways of influencing other stakeholders. A stakeholder analysis enables the organisation to incorporate the stakeholders’ wishes in the organisation’s actions. A well-done analysis also helps the organisation in eliminating negative stakeholders and their negative impacts on the business. Finally, a sound stakeholder analysis provides the organisation with a mechanism of acting efficiently. Impacts of Environmental Forces on Business Environmental force/factors include political factors, social-cultural factors, economic factors, technological and macro and microenvironments. All these factors determine the way organisations carry out business. Economic factors such as interest rates affect the price of money and therefore determine return on investment. Political instability determines the rate of insecurity in a country band as a result the rate of risk in investing in such a country. Social cultural factors such as religion helps in product design e.g. on cannot start pork butchery in a Muslim dominated area and expect high sales. Technology is a requirement in any business in our time, for a business to succeed it must employ the use of the latest technologies. Effects of Globalisation on Corporate Stakeholders Globalisation levels out the playing field of doing business in a global scale. This is to mean that competition is no longer limited to national or regional boundaries. Investment is on a global scale. Sourcing for labour is also on a global scale and generally, the issues faced in one country are a replica of what happens in the whole world. This may affect such factors as the cost of labourers there are labourer e.g. in third world countries who can offer the same kind of labour for a much lower price. Government Regulation of Business The business environment is a very volatile environment especially in the 21st century. This is mainly because of stiff competition between players in the various industries and the carrying out of business on the internet. Therefore, there is a need for regulation to create sanity in the business field (Campbell 1998). The government must also protect the rights of the consumers. It does this through enacting laws that constrain business from unduly exploiting the consumers. In addition, the government must also protect the environment. It does this by enacting waste management laws and ensuring that businesses follow those laws (Sullivan 2003). Importance of Business Social Responsibility in the Society A better society creates a better environment for doing business. Business will therefore gain e.g. by contributing to the societies efforts to increase the level of security, business will also be protecting its own plant. In today’s business world, businesses are seeking to tailor their goods according to the taste and preferences of the end users who are a big part of society. The more business is involved with society the more it is going to become aware of its end user’s needs and consequently the more it has going to able to tailor its products to fit their various needs. Good public image; social responsibility shows that the organisation cares about society and not just their money. As a result, society wants to keep doing business with the organisation. Impacts of Business Social and Ethical Responsibility in the Society Social responsibility has greatly affected society in different areas of life. Among the greatest beneficiaries is the environment. As more and more organisations take up the challenge of conserving the environment, it is becoming a necessity for the whole of the business fraternity in the world to engage in environmental conservation activities. Consequently the world’s society is gaining from these efforts, for instance increase in rainfall around the world, reduced global war ming etc. The funds that come from Corporate Social Responsibility are changing lives in the society. Organisations are reaching out around the globe all the way to third world countries and transforming the lives of poor members of society (Capon 2008). Conclusion The world has today become a global village and the business that is going to succeed is one that has a competitive advantage over the others. Therefore, any business that wants to be productive should ensure that it places itself in such a position that it is able to exploit all opportunities without infringing the social rights of society. In fact, a business social dimension is a plus in the conduct of business. It makes the very people who buy services and goods the mere existence of that business. This makes them to want to buy their products more that create customer loyalty. References Campbell, D. (1998). Organizations and Business Environment. Oxford: Legoprint. Capon, C. (2008). Understanding Strategic Managemen t. New York: FT/Prentice Hall. Carnal, C. (2007). Managing Change in Organizations. Essex: Pearson Education. Hutt, M. Speh , T. (2009). Business Management Marketing. London: Cengage Publishers. Kotler, P., Margaret, H. Turner, E. (2011). Marketing Management. New York: Pearson Publishers. Sullivan, A. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. This research paper on Business’ Social Dimension Role was written and submitted by user Madison C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essayEssay Writing Service

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essayEssay Writing Service Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essayThe emergence of the Internet in the Peoples Republic of China dates back to 1994, but its history in the Republic has begun almost ten years earlier. In 1987, Professor Qian Tianbao sent the first email. A year later, the Beijing Institute of High Energy Physics has established communication with Europe and North America, and Tsinghua University with the University of British Columbia in Canada (Tsui,  2005). Now, almost all personal computers are connected to the Internet. To date, the connection is mainly carried out through high-speed connections. There are many Internet cafes, which require passport of all clients. Internet cafe owners should keep photos of all visitors. Access to foreign sites in China is limited in order to censorship.SECTION 1. Features of Internet use in the Peoples Republic of China1.1. Restrictions on the use of internet in the PRCAdvantage of the Internet is that it has high speed a nd interactivity compared to the print media. It means speed of communication and broad discussion. Chinas Internet users turn to the internet to express public opinion, and here the government is increasing its control (Yang, 2007). Access to a number of foreign sites on the territory of the Peoples Republic is limited within the project Golden Shield Great Chinese firewall. The project is a system of Internet content filtering. In 1998, they began the development of the project, and, in 2003, it started working across the country (Barboza,  2005). Golden Shield is a system of servers on the Internet channel between providers and international networks of communication that filters the information. Only in Hong Kong and Macao, users have free access to the internet, these administrative areas does not apply censorship. Web pages are filtered by keywords related to national security, and the black list of URLs. Websites based in China, can not without special approval publish new s, culled from foreign news sites. Explaining the meaning of the Golden Shield expert opinions diverge. The Golden Shield is very important for the PRC. Researchers argue that network attacks from other states can cause significant blow to Chinas national security. For example, in 2011 about 50 thousand foreign IP address as Trojan horse attacked computers that were in the territory of the PRC. But we should not forget about the cooling effect that scientists believe to be a major problem for China. This term is understood as the legal sanctions with the use of physical or legal means in this context. The cooling effect is of negative character due to the nature of enforcement. It denies access to a number of foreign websites in China, and keyword filtering restricts scientific work of teachers and students of educational institutions. In turn, the tight control of the internet and keyword filtering increase the impact of the phenomenon of filter bubble. All legal websites use algor ithms of selective guessing. Information is based on a previous search history and location of the user. As a result, websites show information consistent with the previous viewpoints. Many tend to believe that tight control and filtering complicate access to new ideas. Sites that are located in the PRC are registered at the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which allows identifying the author of illegal content. Foreign search engines, including Google, Yahoo and Bing, also filter search results (Leslie,  2012).1.2. Censorship in Internet use in ChinaIt is hard to tell the exact date of the introduction of Chinas Internet censorship. Some believe that it began in 1993, according to others in 1997. Opinions on the first documents about internet censorship also differ. Some believe that the first document, which officially proclaimed Internet censorship was the document Rules of regulation to ensure the safety of computer and information systems (1994). Others argue that is was Interim measures of management of international connections of computer information networks (1996). According to the last of the documents, users must be registered, providers must be licensed, international traffic has to go through officially approved by the government gateways, transfer of anti-government or other harmful information is prohibited. In 1997, the item harmful information was supplemented by the concepts of hacking and spread of viruses. According to analysts, these measures included the transfer of the regulatory functions from the government to providers. In 2000, new laws were adopted, according to which providers must retain for 60 days all blogs in chat rooms and forums. This information must be accompanied by complete information about users, including contact details. Foreign companies were not allowed to become major shareholders of Chinese providers (Zheng,  2002).China has blocked many of the world social networks: from 2008 Facebook, 2009 microblogging service Twitter. Skype has a special distribution with built-in filtering of unwanted content. Chinese residents are invited to enjoy such services as: Sina.com, QQ.com, they have the opportunity to leave a message on the website of the Communist Party of the country. On March 16, 2008, there has been blocked access to the video hosting YouTube, experts explain the fact that there appear dozens of videos of Tibetans speeches against the Chinese occupation. Most Western media are censored. In 2009, China launched a campaign to streamline the situation with common ways of downloading pornographic and obscene video. The main objects of such checking are stores that provide services for downloading video on the internet and saving it to mobile phones. In the fight against copyright infringement, torrent trackers were closed.Since 2010, China adopted new rules, according to which all music posted on Chinese websites must be subjected to prior censorship. Local or foreign songs should take the prior approval of the Ministry of Culture of the country, before being placed in the Chinese segment of the Internet. In addition, foreign rights holders and publishers must provide all songs with lyrics translated into Chinese, and the confirmation of their rights to them. In early 2010, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PRC has distributed new rules for a domain name in a zone .cn. Since 2010, all those who want to create a website in China previously need to present identification documents and a photograph, and pass an interview, after which it is decided whether the applicant can register a domain name (Zheng,  2013).1.3. Controls of Internet censorshipA complex of government structures is engaged in Internet censorship in China. Experts describe control system of the Internet space in different ways because, on the one hand, each of the bodies has its profile, on the other hand such distinctions are quite conventional. The PRC government often establishes new regulatory bodies and converts existing ones. Supervisory authorities exist in every province of China. Originally, Ministry of Internal Affairs controlled internet use, it has developed and implemented a powerful information filtering system. This system actually blocks undesirable foreign sites for Chinese users. Chinese programmer under the pseudonym Mr. Tao, prepared a report on Journey to the Heart of Internet censorship (2007), according to which the oversight functions in China are carried out by: Administrative Office for Internet propaganda and the Center for Public Opinion Research at the Information Service of the State Council. These services are engaged into supervision and regulation of information on the Internet, and monitor public opinion. Internet Office and the Office of Information and Public Opinion, which are also described in the report of the programmer, must hold weekly discussion of public opinion on the web. Another control ling authority is the Ministry of Public Security, whose main task is to fight against pornography, threats and incitement to violence. It also includes the Notification Center of publication of illegal content at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the PRC. Experts of Harvard Law School, University of Cambridge, Oxford and Toronto in a research project Open Net Initiative describe that Chinese Internet censorship is carried out by the State Council, Ministry of Telecommunications, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, and Committee on State Secrets. In 2004, according to the decision of the State Council, the validation feature of management and supervision in the field of culture in the Chinese segment of the web have been assigned to the Ministry of Culture of the Peoples Republic. In 2010, there was created the Bureau to coordinate news, functional duties of which include checking information posts in social networks, blogs and forums (Helft,  2010). In 2011, there was created the State Chancellery for information on the Internet. It was the first institution in the country, specially created to control the Internet and block unwanted sites. Head of the Information Office of the State Council Wang Chen became the first head of the State Chancellery. In 2011, there was created a special unit with the unofficial name Blue Grid army, whose main task was to conduct educational hacker attacks on information networks of the armed forces of China.In June 2009, authorities of the Peoples Republic announced the decision to install web filters Green Dam Youth Escor on all computers sold in China. They control the time spent by users in the web space, and cut off access to online resources with pornographic and other unhealthy content. For the development of this program, the Government of China paid Jinhui Computer System Engineering Company 41,7 million Yuan (over $ 6,000,000). Rule was to come into force on 1 July 2009, but was postponed due to a sharp resistance of Internet community. In August of the same year, the head of the Ministry of Industry and Technology of China Li Yizhong announced that the program will be installed on PC in schools and on computers for public use. Green Dam program has been installed on 20 million computers of internet cafes (Dong,  2012).  Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay part 2

Water Quality in the State of Iowa Research Paper

Water Quality in the State of Iowa - Research Paper Example The quality of water that we use for domestic purposes and the one that is on the subsurface, that is, the water found on ponds, streams and other small bodies and is used for activities such as swimming or fishing has to be of proper quality. This is to ensure that it is not hazardous. Various state water departments in the United States strive to ensure that the quality of water being used within their states is high. The Iowa Water Department is an example of this. This paper will be a discussion of water quality in the state of Iowa, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages involved in this topic, together with areas where it can be utilized. The aspect of water quality focuses on household, commercial and the environmental aspect of water. In the state of Iowa, there is the Iowa Water Quality Association whose goal is to help its members provide better water treatment and protect the environment in which they are associated with (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). This i s in a bid to ensure that the quality of water that people use is good and that the environment is protected. To ensure that this is done, various industries that provide water treatment services have to focus on the health needs of the people that may come into contact with the water that they have treated (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). ... Variety is provided due to different consumers’ needs (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). Septic systems are also regulated. There may be occasions where the piping system for water meant for domestic use lies hand in hand with the one for the septic system. Therefore, there are strict guidelines to ensure that contamination does not occur to water that is meant for domestic use in case of any leakages in the septic systems (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). This is to ensure that the water being used for domestic purposes is pure and of good quality. To ensure that all aspects of water quality are enhanced, the department of natural bodies is in place. This looks after the wellbeing of the natural occurring water bodies. These include streams that are sometimes used for boat riding by individuals and ponds that are used for fishing. Since this area are widely visited by families enjoying their free time, it is necessary that the quality of water that is there is good (Iowa Department of Natural Resources, p. 1). Therefore, this department visits such bodies often to ensure that there are no any harmful pathogens. There is the possibility that some industrial waste is released to streams, this could be harmful to the animals that stay in water as well as to the various plants that form the water body biodiversity. These wetlands are inspected regularly to ensure that they are safe. Despite the fact that the quality of water within the state of Iowa is generally good, there is still some form of threat. Small portions of water in the state of Iowa have serious pollution problems (Dillard, p. 1). This mostly emanates from industrial wastes. However, the state tries to ensure that such cases are

Human Resource Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource Management Strategy - Essay Example man Capital is perhaps the most powerful and high-valued asset of an organization since people within an organization not only depend on their own productivity and performance but also of all other resources like technology, materials, process etc. No process, system or organizational activity can work well unless there are right people for that and they are managed for the same. If people perform well, all other resources in the organization can be utilized up to a maximum extent. Therefore, managing the human resources effectively and with a view to make them high performers is extremely critical to the organizational success. In order to achieve sustainable competitive advantages, human resources management have recently designed, developed and concentrated on various managerial strategies. High Performance Working is one of such strategies. ... Industry analysis with help of Porter’s five forces analysis will be given to help understand the business environment and competitive rivalry of the business. Based on literature review on high performance working and HR strategies that lead the organization to high performing, this paper illustrates the importance, relevance and overall benefits of implementing the high performance strategy. British Airways: Company Profile and Industry Analysis British Airways Plc is UK’s largest international airline. As a member of the royal family of European Airlines, British Airways carries passengers and cargoes to a large numbers of airports in more than 150 countries. The company provides airline services through around 240 aircraft (Hoovers, 2011). British Airways has emerged to be a highly successful competitor in the market and thus has been labeled the world’s first airline that took part in a scheme to reduce green house gas emission (Strategic Report, 2009). With customer focus and some other useful business strategies, the company has been able to achieve company’s specific goals. Out of its strategic perspectives, the company has perceived long haul premium customers as the key to profitability, delivered outstanding quality service for customers, grew its presence in most global cities, built a leading position in London and met customers needs (British Airways, 2009). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Michael Porter’s Five Force analysis is a tool that can be used for comparing and contrasting the competitive environment and analyze the operational efficiencies. The five force analysis can also be used as a tool to evaluate how effective were the business strategies and how far these

Forehead Lipoma Case Study

Forehead Lipoma Case Study ABSTRACT The lipoma is a relatively rare maxillofacial tumor, although it occurs with considerable frequency in other areas, particularly in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck. Lipomas are common benign soft tissue neoplasms of mature adipose tissue. They have been known to grow to large sizes causing masticatory and speech difficulties. The usual lesions consist of a well circumscribed, lobulated mass of mature fat cells. In other situations the covering mucosa becomes ulcerated and presents a diagnostic dilemma and seldom occurs in the younger age group. We present a case of forehead lipoma affecting 52 year old male patient. KEY WORDS – Lipoma , forehead , surgery INTRODUCTION Lipomas are benign tumors of mesenchymal origin consisting of mature fat cells which usually are involved by a thin fibrous capsule(1) . There are several forms and dimensions of this condition depending on location or evolution time which may cause orofacial deformity in some patients.( 2) Etiology of lipoma remains uncertain, even after pointing endocrine changes and heritance factors as possible causes. It is known that lipomas are mainly present in the fifth and sixth decade of life, being rarely found during childhood .(3,4) Lipoma’s are also seen in intra oral sites such as in lips, tongue, palate, buccal vestibule, floor of the mouth and parotid region(1,3) . Incisional or excisional biopsy can be done in these cases. Yellow coloration of lipoma should be observed as well as fluctuation of the lesion. This lesion will be on the liquid surface due to its lower density than a fixer solution(5,6-8). The treatment of lipomas is surgical removal. The recurrence is rare (1) a nd there is no reported malignant transformation (6) . Although, growth of lipoma is usually limited, it can grow to large proportions which can interfere in the speech, mastication, that reinforce the necessity to realize a surgical removal.(7,8) The present study aims to show a rare case of forehead lipoma in the maxillofacial region. CASE REPORT A 52 year old male reported to the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery with the chief complaint of swelling in the forehead region which patient noticed 1 year back which had been gradually increasing initially but reported rapid growth since 1 month. On examination , a well defined 2 x 2 cm swelling was noticed in the forehead region on the right side just above the right eyebrow (Fig. 1). The skin over the swelling was stretched. No lymph nodes were palpable. On palpation, swelling was soft , fluctuant , non tender , mobile and the margins were slippery under the palpating finger. The swelling was non-pulsatile. The provisional diagnosis of lipoma was established. A differential diagnosis of dermoid cyst was excluded by negative aspiration . Routine blood investigations were carried out and were normal to plan an excisional biopsy under Local Anesthesia . Local anesthetic with adrenaline was infiltrated at the periphery of the lesion. Incision was then given along the crease in forehead to achieve better esthetic closure , crossing the swelling at its greatest bulge. Lesion was then slowly dissected out with the capsule in toto (Fig 2). Hemostasis achieved and subcuticular sutures were given (Fig. 3 4) so that scar is aesthetically acceptable . Histopathology report revealed a capsulated lesion with numerous adipocytes with peripherally placed nuclei. Admixed collagenic streaks were also seen. The entire lesion was excised and no recurrence has been observed for the past 6 months and the patient is under regular follow up. DISCUSSION Lipoma is a benign slow growing neoplasm composed of mature fat cells. Lipomas in the oral cavity are rare. The most common locations of lipoma in the oral cavity have been reported to be in the buccal mucosa, a region abundant in fatty tissue, followed by tongue. The hard palate has very little fatty tissue and the incidence of a lesion here is quite low. [9] Lipoma differs metabolically from the normal fat cells even though they are histologically similar. It has been shown that the fat of lipoma is not used for energy production during starvation period, as it happens with normal adipose tissue, their lipid is not available for metabolism. Adipose tissue is present in two basic forms white fat and brown fat. The clinical features of lipoma vary according to their rate of growth, size, and location. The usual complaint is of a painless palpable esthetically unpleasant mass, and there is seldom dysfunction of an involved muscle. A characteristic feature is a change in consistency and form of many of these lesions during contraction of involved muscle. The tumor is soft and flat when the muscle is relaxed and becomes firm and more spherical when muscle contracts. The etiology varies from the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal cells in fat tissue, cartilage, and bone to metaplasia of a preexisting lipoma. Mesenchymal cells are modified by systemic and local influences that range from local trauma to prolonged ischemia. [10] Occasionally, the lipoma may invade muscles or grow between them: the so-called infiltrating lipoma. Infiltrating lipoma is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm that characteristically infiltrates adjacent tissues and tends to recur after excision. This type of lipoma is extremely rare in the head and neck region , and its congenital type is rare. [11] Lipoma consist of mature fat cells arranged into lobules that are separated by septa of fibrous connective tissue (12). Liposarcoma is important in the differential diagnosis, because well differentiated liposarcoma often contains many areas of lipomatous tissue. Despite the close histological similarity to normal adipose tissue, lipomas, usually have chromosomal aberrations such as translocations involving 12q13-15, locus interstitial deletions of 13q, and rearrangements involving 8q11-13 locus. [13] The clinical differential diagnosis includes ranula, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, ectopic thyroid tissue, pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, angiolipoma, fibrolipoma and malignant lymphoma. The definitive diagnosis is made by means of microscopic examination which shows adult fat tissue cells embedded in a stroma of connective tissue and surrounded by a fibrous capsule. On some occasions lipoma of the buccal mucosa cannot be distinguished from a herniated buccal fat pad, except by the lack of a history of sudden onset after trauma. Lesions outside the oral cavity could show greater recurrence rates after surgical excision. CONCLUSION Lipomas found in the oral and maxillofacial region are rare and usually slow growing lesions. The clinical course is usually asymptomatic until they get larger in size. Most lipomas develop in the subcutaneous tissues but deeper tissues may be involved as well. Surgical excision is the main treatment for lipoma. The complete excision along with precautions to prevent damage to adjacent structures should be emphasized during the operation, which is the key factor in order to avoid recurrence with least morbidity.

Did the Liberal Welfare Reforms Lay the Foundations of the Welfare State?

Did the liberal Welfare Reforms lay the foundations of the Welfare State? This essay will assess how far reaching the liberal Welfare Reforms were and how far they can be said to represent the foundations of the Welfare State. The Welfare State is when the Government takes care of the health and well-being of all its citizens from â€Å"cradle to grave†. The liberal Welfare Reforms did represent a move away from â€Å"laissez-faire† towards a programme of social reform. The liberal reforms concentrated on five main groups. These were the young, introducing school meals and medical inspections with the Education Act 1906 and 1907, the old with the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, and the sick who were helped with the first part of the National Health Act 1911. The employed were given compensation for injuries sustained at work with the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 and other things such as an eight hour day for miners due to the Coal Mines Act 1908. A half day off was also given to shop assistants following the Shops Act 1911 and there was a minimum wage for â€Å"sweated industry† workers with the Trade Boards Act of 1909. The unemployed were given help to find work with the Labour Exchanges Act 1909 and unemployment insurance which was brought in with the second part of the National Insurance Act 1911. The first social reforms to be carried out by the Liberals were concerned with children and dealt with the provision of school meals and the medical inspection of all pupils. Now that education was compulsory it was made clear that many children were often coming to school hungry, dirty or suffering from ill health. A study carried out in a poor area of Dundee in 1905 showed that children were significantly underweight and under height when compared with the national average. The report said â€Å"†¦ a large number of children who should be under medical supervision† and â€Å"†¦ they cannot apply their minds to lessons while their stomachs are empty†. The Boer War in 1899 had highlighted the problem that Britain had with the physical condition of its citizens. When recruiting soldiers to fight in the war, the height requirement had to be dropped from 5 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 2 inches so that Britain would have enough soldiers. The leader of the Social Democratic Foundation (SDF) claimed at the time that 50% of the working-class recruits from towns and cities had been unfit to fight due to their poor physical condition. To bring Britain back to a good physical state, the Government decided it was best to start with children and did this with the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906. Much of the credit for this Bill lies outside the Liberal Party. There was a lot of public concern created by reports carried out in the wake of the Boer War. One of these was a report carried out by The Royal Commission of Physical Condition in Scotland and the other was carried out by The Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. A labour backbencher called William Wilson introduced the school meals proposal which was so popular that the Liberals decided to give it a chance; this was then called the Education (Provision of Meals) Act. The act allowed local authorities to take steps as they saw fit to provide school meals for children either through voluntary work or using the local authority money. Parents were to pay for school meals if they could afford it, however, if they could not the local authority could pay a halfpenny. The number of school meals provided by the Government started at 3 million in 1906 and eventually rose to 14 million in 1914. Within a short period of time a Government funded Welfare system was beginning to replace many of the efforts made by charities. There was still a long way to go though as in 1912, over half of the local authorities had not set up a school meals service. In 1907 there was another Bill passed in order to take care of the health of school pupils. This was the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act which was not popular with the Liberal Government at first as they knew that health inspection in schools would lead to public demand for government funded medical treatment for everyone and the Liberals did not think that they could afford to do this. However, Robert L Morant, the Permanent Secretary of the Education Board during 1906 had been convinced about the need for school medical inspections through contact with a woman called Margaret Macmillan. She said â€Å"for the good of the children and the public, what subjects are taught and how much they are taught do not matter anything like so much nowadays as attention to the physical condition of the scholars†. In 1912 the Board of Education started to give grants to local authorities to set up school clinics to provide all pupils with healthcare. Although this was a huge step towards a Welfare State it was not a foundation as these acts would not have been passed had Elementary education not been made compulsory in previous years. The Old Age Pensions Act in 1908 was the conclusion of over 20 years of debate surrounding the subject of poverty amongst the elderly. Lloyd George the new Chancellor of the Exchequer in April 1908 made it his job to get the Old Age Pensions Bill through the House of Commons and although it passed through the House of Commons with very little opposition. However, the House of Lords was slightly more difficult to tackle as the majority of Lords still believed in â€Å"laissez-faire†. When eventually the Bill passed through all of its stages, it became law in 1908 and came into effect in January 1909. The Act entitled people over the age of 70 to between 1 shilling (5p) a week and 5 shillings (25p) a week of pension. However, this amount of money still fell below what Rowntree considered to be the poverty line by 2 shillings (10p) a week. There were also a few exceptions. Any 70-year-old was entitled to the pension as long as they were British and had been a resident in the UK for over 20 years, they had avoided imprisonment in the past previous 10 years to receiving their pension and they had not regularly avoided work. The Government had miscalculated how many of the public would need a pension as they estimated that there would only be around 500,000 but by 1914 there were 1 million pensioners in Britain. This made the Government very quickly aware of the poverty that the elderly people in the country were facing. Although the Old Age Pensions Act 1908 was a significant step towards the Welfare State, this was not part of the foundations as things such as Friendly Societies had been there before to help the Elderly. The sick created another task for the Liberal Government. On returning from Germany, Lloyd George immediately started work in setting up a way to help people who couldn’t earn money on their own as they suffered from illness. However, he again came up against opposition from friendly societies but also came up against Trade Unions and Doctors. As Lloyd George was Chancellor of the Exchequer he was also very aware of the cost of bringing in National insurance. In order to pay for the National insurance scheme, income tax was made more progressive in that the more money you earned, the more money you paid in tax. Lloyd George had to account for all of this in the 1909 budget, however, this was rejected by the House of Lords and the Parliament Act 1911 had to be passed to limit the power of the Lords. The Peoples Budget was passed in 1910 which meant that the Government now had the money to start its social welfare programme. The health insurance scheme was contained in part 1 of the National Insurance Act 1911, this was a compromised Act and there was a lot of work still to be done to help those at a disadvantage in society. To stop the opposition to the Act from Trade Unions, Lloyd George decided to include them in the system along with Friendly Societies who would help him with his new system. When Lloyd George came out with his proposals, the British Medical Group had very strong objections to them. They did not want what existed between the Doctors and the Friendly Societies on a national scale where the Doctors felt they were being paid too little money to treat working-class patients. When Lloyd George went to meet with the Doctors he had to tell them that Friendly Societies were too powerful for him but offered the Doctors a higher contract fee of 4 shillings (20p) per patient and 2 shillings (10p) to cover any drugs costs, this was much more than the Friendly Societies had been willing to give and therefore, when the Act was passed, many of the poorer Doctors joined and were able to double their income quickly. Although this was a better way of helping the sick, it was not one of the founding principles of the Welfare State as there were Friendly Societies there before who did almost the same thing. Unemployment was still believed to be the fault of the individual who was unemployed up until the 1900s as many people wouldn’t accept that if a worker was unemployed it may be due to circumstances out with their control. The causes of unemployment were hidden by the belief in Samuel Smiles book on ‘Self-help’ which basically said that if a person was unemployed it was there own fault and they had to get themselves out of unemployment by hard work and belief that they could get a job. This was believed for a long time as nobody had accurate information on how bad the problem actually was. Part 2 of the National Insurance Act covered the unemployed. This was a contributory insurance scheme where workers paid 2? d, the employer paid 2? d and the Government paid 3d per week. Insurance was compulsory for trades such as Shipbuilding, building construction and sawmilling as these were seasonal trades which had a repeated pattern of unemployment. Labour Exchanges had two roles, the first was to allow the unemployed to find work and the second was to pay out unemployment benefit to those who were insured. In order to receive unemployment insurance the worker had to go to the Labour Exchanges and register as unemployed, he would then go back there to collect his money. On a weekly basis he would receive 7 shillings (35p) a week for up to 15 weeks of the year. However, if the worker had been dismissed from work following unsatisfactory work or bad conduct then he would not be entitled to any benefit as it was his fault that he was unemployed. Within 2 years of unemployment insurance starting 2. 3 million workers were insured, however, this was still only a small number of the working-class population. Although this was not part of the foundations of the Welfare State as the Conservative Government had passed the Unemployed Workmen’s Act before it left office in 1905, this was seen as a much better way of dealing with the problem of unemployment in Britain. The Liberal Government passed four laws which wanted to improve the conditions of workers. These provided compensation for injuries that happened at work. Shorter hours were given to people who worked in dangerous and difficult jobs such as coal mining. This was a good turning point as miners had been campaigning for this for over 40 years. Minimum wages were given to female workers who were exploited and worked in ‘sweated trades’ such as tailoring, a total of 200,000 workers were affected by The Trade Boards Act of 1909. There was also a half day off and a decent amount of time for meals given to shop assistants who mostly did not have trade unions behind them. The Workmen’s Compensation Act was built on previous Acts of 1897 and 1900, showing that helping the people who were employed had started before the Liberal Government came to power showing that they did not set the foundations of the Welfare State. In conclusion, the Liberal Government did take a lot of steps towards making Britain a Welfare State such as setting up a national insurance system, a pension system for the elderly when they couldn’t work anymore and tried to tackle social issues with Government intervention. However, they did not stop poverty, medical inspections and school meals were not compulsory for local authorities so education was not up to the standard that it should have been, the workhouses were still there although not as widely used and there was no system of family allowance in place. Although some historians think that you can see the origins of the Welfare State in the Liberal Reforms, others believe that the Liberal Reforms failed to deal adequately with the welfare of Britain and were not the origins of the Welfare State. The Liberal Welfare reforms did not lay the foundations of the Welfare State but did improve on measures that were already in place.