Why Did Genocide Be Considered A Genocide By The...

In Ukraine, between the years of 1932 and 1933, approximately seven to ten million people died as a result of a widespread famine. This is historical fact and cannot be argued, with records to prove it, though the exact number of deaths is unclear. What can be argued, however, was whether this famine should be considered intentional murder and genocide committed by Joseph Stalin in an effort to destroy the Ukrainian people. In order for the Holodomor to be considered a genocide by the international community, it is necessary for it to meet the standards set out in the Geneva Convention in 1946. In this paper, the criteria for the Geneva Convention are set out, followed by a summary of actions taken by Stalin in Ukraine prior to the Holodomor, the facts of the Holodomor, followed by the argument for genocide and its counterargument, ending with the conclusion that the Holodomor should be considered a genocide by the international community. This discussion is important because the fam ine in 1932 has far reaching implications for how genocide is viewed currently and will be viewed in the future, as well as playing a role in the current conflict in Eastern Europe. Background The Geneva Convention After the horrors of the Holocaust came to light, the international community came together to create a new set of standards concerning a specific kind of crime against humanity. Prior to WWII, violence existed and people were murdered in cold blood, but nothing as systematic andShow MoreRelatedRwanda Genocide892 Words   |  4 Pages November 12, 2013 MAHG 5028 Religion and Genocide: Rittner Conversation Starter #12 Rwandan Genocide The Angels Have Left Us by Hugh McCullum, discusses the African tragedy that took place in Rwanda, which resulted in the murder of over one million victims. The Rwanda genocide was between two groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Hutu were considered to be the natives and indigenous to the land, where Tutsi were considered to be the non-native settlers who were non indigenous. ThroughRead MoreThe Death Of Genocide : The Annihilation Of Minorities Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pages Genocide is the systematic mass murder of an ethnic, race, religious, or national group based on discriminatory preconceptions (Payne 33). The heart of genocide is destruction: the annihilation of minorities. Minorities have always been the scapegoat for most governments in times of crisis or when the government has been mismanaged. Minorities are even considered non-human. The annihilation of a specific target group does raise to question why and how this would be carried out. A genocide happensRead MorePhilosophy 381 : Genocide, Language And Power1319 Words   |  6 PagesPHILOSOPHY 381: GENOCIDE,LANGUAGE AND POWER Professor: Lynne Tirrell 5th October, 2015 We Wish to Inform[Question 1] How many people need to be killed before a crisis becomes a genocide? How many sections of article 2 Of the UN convention needs to occur to be considered a genocide? Is the sterilization of hundreds of Puerto rico women taking imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group considered Genocide? Is police targeting and killing certain grips of people more often a formRead More Compare and Contrast Between Rwanda and Darfur Genocide, from the Constructivism and Realism Perspectives1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe analysis of the genocides that took place both in Rwanda and Sudan’s Darfur region exhibit some similarities as well as differences. The character of violence was similar in both cases, but in Rwanda the violence was more intense, participatory, and extraordinary. The violence in these two places took place in an environment that had experienced civil wars. It was a period of political transition which was further aggravated by ethnic nationalism and a c onflict of ethnic populations that wereRead MoreThe Measure Of The Impact Of The Genocide1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe measure of the impact of the genocide is an often-touched upon subject in both books. Again, Fujii’s perspective tends to measure the impact of the genocide on individuals (though the national and international impact is mentioned), whereas Destexhe’s writing focuses on the macro-level impacts on both the country of Rwanda, as well as the international community. This is one aspect where I believe that Fujii’s method of analysis falls short when compared to Destexhe. While Fujii’s interviewsRead MoreRealism During the 1994 Rwanda Genocide1215 Words   |  5 Pages Realism is one of the oldest and most popular theories in International Relations. It offers a perspective about competition and power, and can be used to explain the actions between states. An example of realism is the U.S. reaction – or lack thereof – during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. All branches of realism share some central tenets. Realists believe that the world exists in a state of anarchy. Since there is not a world government to keep states from attacking each otherRead MoreDefinition Of Customary International Law1710 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the scope of customary international law there are some varying norms that the international law community must deal with, which can be broken down into three different categories from most important to least important: 1) norms in which the international community allows no derogation, these are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens, 2) norms that might allow for derogation, and 3) norms that aren’t binding but some might argue should be. The classification of these customary norms isRead MoreThe Main Factors That Influenced The Rwandan Genocide1924 Words   |  8 PagesGenocide has the potential to occur in any society, however it commonly transpires under particular conditions. Gregory Stanton’s eight stages of genocide are designed to identify early warning signs and implement specific countermeasures to prevent genocide. The Rwandan genocide in 1994 was applicable to all stages of Gregory Stanton’s model however the model does not acknowledge and identify the underlying causes that triggered the initial stages of genocide. The key factors that influencedRead MoreGenocide in Rwanda Essay1910 Words   |  8 PagesGenocide is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, ethnic, political, or cultural group†. In Rwanda for example, the Hutu-led government embraced a new program that called for the country’s Hutu people to murder anyone that was a Tutsi (Gourevitch, 6). This new policy of one ethnic group (Hutu) that was called upon to murder another ethnic group (Tutsi) occurred during April through June of 1994 and resulted in the genocide of approximately 800,000 innocent people that even includedRead MoreThe Scope Of Customary International Law1681 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the scope of customary international law, there are some varying norms that the international law community must deal with, which are broken down into three different categories from most important to least important: 1) norms in which the international community allows no derogation, these are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens, 2) norms that might allow for derogation, and 3) norms that aren’t binding but some might argue should be. To classify these customary norms scholars use both

Team Collapse at RWH - 3340 Words

19240502776220Managing Organizational Change 66.601.061 Online 63.671 Section 062 00Managing Organizational Change 66.601.061 Online 63.671 Section 062 13716004347845Submitted by:Blake BamfordMaria Siena Banaag Yu Cheung Submitted to: Professor Diane VacarraDue date: October 5, 2014 00Submitted by:Blake BamfordMaria Siena Banaag Yu Cheung Submitted to: Professor Diane VacarraDue date: October 5, 2014 3810005976620190502219325Case Analysis Team Collapse at Richard, Wood, Hulme, LLP 00Case Analysis Team Collapse at Richard, Wood, Hulme, LLP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SITUATION ANALYSIS Established in 1998 by Chris Richard, Gemma Wood and Lauren Hulme, Richard, Wood and Hulme LLP (â€Å"RWH†) is a financial services firm†¦show more content†¦The audit would likely take a longer period of time to complete than the promised two and half weeks (the audit team completed the audit in this time frame in 2007) due to a) the expectation that extra work would be required related to possible asset and receivables write-downs as a result of the economic downturn; b) some accounting policies had been changed, which led to more time required from senior associates to help guide junior associates and co-op students through the company’s new set of circumstances and c) since the tax team did not attend the planning meeting, Dee and Michaels had to allocate time to answer their questions during the audit. The audit team did not receive necessary information from Spector in a timely manner. It was not until the third day of the audit that the team began receiving the needed information. For two days of the audit, Noth and Patel were likely not making any contributions during the time they should have been working from home (about 20 hours combined). Michaels had to restart 25 hours of work due to client revisions to forecasted financial information. The senior associates leading the audit refused to allow idle personnel at the firm to assist in speeding up the audit for fear that adding team member unfamiliar with Spector would cause further delays. Two of the senior associates, Ellis and Dee, were fired because they did notShow MoreRelatedTeam Collapse at Richard4120 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Written Case Analysis Due Case: â€Å"Team Collapse at Richard, Wood and Hulme LLP† 1. OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS: A senior associate at Richard, Wood and Hulme LLP (RWH) was amazed at the speed with which the audit team for an important client for the firm was rapidly falling apart. Two members had just been fired presumably because they did not pass their chartered accounting qualification examination; team morale had become non-existent; there were difficulties in completing the engagement due toRead MoreTeam collapse at Richard Wood and Hulme LLP2321 Words   |  10 PagesTeam Collapse at Richard, Wood, Hulme, LLP Executive Summary: SITUATION ANALYSIS: James Michaels was a senior associate in the Richard, Wood, Hulme, LLP. He assisted with junior associates and co-op students with resolving questions in addition to completing his own audit work. He worked in a team to audit Spectors business in these years. In 2008, Michaels faced some problems: the audit started on November 3, 2008 and was supposed to be completed by November 19, 2008. The deadline was a strictRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure [9.1.3] 9.1.1 Organization charts 1.4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 Virtual teams 9.3.3.1 Team performance [9.4.2.2] 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 9.3.2.6 Recognition and awards

Social Work for Inter-Religion Organization-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSocial Work for Inter-Religion Organization. Answer: Responsibility of managers department: Inter-Religion Organization Singapore is one of the most recognized social service organizations that primarily promote religious harmony. After starting their journey Inter-religious Organization in 1949 IRO aims to motivate people for maintaining a religious harmony so that people belonging to different cultural backgrounds and attitudes can exchange their thoughts, ideas and views. However, in order to run a specific organization organizational managers have to face innumerable difficulties in keeping a constant control over the entire process of business (Zikmund et al., 2013). The primary responsibility of an efficient business manager is to manage and control the organizational staffs and their services so that the employees can fulfill the needs and demands of clients. In this very specific study, it has been observed that human resource managers have to play significant role for recruiting an organizational employee. Managing the performance level of employees at the workplac e is also important for a business organization like IRO. Two key challenges faced by the manager After receiving an in-depth interview with the human resource managers it has been observed that the managers of IRO have primary faced major issues in two primary areas while making communication and evaluating performance. As already stated IRO stands for the people of multi-cultural attitudes and religious backgrounds. Therefore, the human resource managers have to focus on selecting those kinds of employees within the organizational services who are having different cultural backgrounds and attitudes (Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund Hansen, 2012). Communication is the major problem that the human resource managers of IRO have to face while making an effective interaction with the employees of different cultural backgrounds. Due to the linguistic barrier the existing staffs failed to communicate with the human resource managers while facing difficulties at the workplace. These kinds of linguistic barriers and psychological barriers ultimately affect the entire performance level of the employees. On the other hand, it is also undeniable that the human resource managers of Inter-Religion Organization have to face innumerable difficulties while evaluating the performance level of the employees. At the very initial stage the human resource managers failed to keep a constant record over the entire performance level of the employees. The managers of Inter-Religion Organization could not maintain the entire performance record chronologically due to the lack of technological skill and competency (Henderson, 2017). As a result, the employees could not get any review from the human resource managers about their level of performances. In this kind of situation, the employees did not get any kind of motivation for providing their best performances. On the other hand, the under performers as well failed to improve their performance level due to the lack of performance evaluation happened at the workplace. To what extent are the challenges attributed to the unique characteristics of social service organizations Social service organizations are always attributed for unique characteristics with the help of which the experts can defend any kind of organizational challenges at the workplace. Unique characteristics of organization like IRO imply that the business managers intend to show their equal respect and dignity for the people of different geographical backgrounds and attitudes. As a result, this specific business organization while dealing with the organizational challenges has decided to defend in a different way (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). While facing communication barriers with the employees of various geographical backgrounds and attitudes the human resource managers have decided to render non-verbal communication within service process. Non-verbal communication was successful to interact with the employees with the help of facial expression, written communication and communication through body language and so on. Consequently, the employees so not have to face barriers in raising their organizational issues faced at the workplace. Inter-Religion Organization always focuses in recruiting those employees who are competent and capable enough for organizational services. As a result, communication becomes as a major barrier for the business managers (Sheng, Zhou Li, 2013). With the help of Inter-Religion Organizations unique characteristics of providing equal priority and response to the people of different geographical backgrounds and attitudes the human resource managers intend to deal with every single employee at the workplace equally. On the other hand, it has already been discussed that the business experts have to face innumerable challenges in evaluating the performance level of the existing staffs due to the lack of technological efficiency (Haas, Snehota Corsaro, 2012). However, the business managers of IRO are having a specific characteristic. It is undeniable that the human resource managers do not maintain chronological data record on the overall performance level of the organization. In order to overcome this particular drawback the business managers tend to face an interpersonal communication with every individual member in order to give them an overall performance review along with the way of improvements (Ward, 2016). The primary purpose of maintaining an effective interpersonal communication with the existing staffs of Inter-Religion Organization is to directly collect employee feedback regarding their difficulties at the workplace. As a result, the organization would get to know on which areas the o rganization should focus in developing their policies so that employees can perform well. The business managers at the very initial stage were not very much advanced in technology. Therefore, the managers could not provide any specific data regarding the overall performance review of the employees (Crane Matten, 2016). Therefore, interpersonal communication was the only way to directly interact with the service providers for resolving their organizational issues as well as challenges. Significant Changes have implemented in compared to last five years The motto of this organization is to promote the cultural harmony by developing the cultural diversity. The collaborative work approach undertaken by the organization is quite helpful in developing the multiculturalism. The workplace diversity helps in improving the performance productivity within a workplace. It is notable that the group work facilitates the high quality work profile that has the significant impact on the organizational profitability. It is noticed that the company has adopted the significant strategies to develop the multiculturalism within the workplace (Rummler Brache, 2012). The company has undertaken some of the changes in order to facilitate the determined objectives. First, the company is focusing on developing the multilingual flexibility among the group members to reduce the barriers with the different languages. People from different cultures, religion, and language can develop the diverse work culture and this multilingual flexibility would be helpful en ough in reducing the language barrier. On the other hand, the company adopted the high-end technologies for managing the complex organizational activities. The technological advancements have changed the organizational scenario much drastically. It has been noticed that in last five years, the organizational procedures were much more complex. However, the development of the advanced technologies, the organizations have transformed the functions and reduced the level of complications. Effects of Changes on the organizational external and internal environment The changes brought to the organizational scenario have the clear impact both internally and externally. The multiculturalism and the development of the Multilanguage Flexibility within the organization are quite beneficial for sustaining the competitive position for a longer time. It is notable that the working with the group of people from different cultures and languages helps in building the diversified works, which are quite innovative in nature. The alignment of people from different cultures improves the organizational functions. On the other hand, the development of thee high-end technologies has been improving the work procedures and culture (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). The efficiency maintained in the internal organization results in the improvements of external environment as well. The upgraded technologies have been reducing the time and efforts and providing the productive results. The customers in the external market are thus receiving the high quality products and service s. However, one of the major determinants found in the external market is the changes in the customer demands. The level of competition is growing higher and the organization strives to meet the perceived expectations of the potential customers. The increasing level of competition is demanding for the high improved technicalities and unique value added services. In such cases, it is notable that the maintenance of the customer demands would secure the competitive edge (Hammer, 2015). Moreover, the supports derived from the political figures are also necessary for the sustainable position of the organization. The multiculturalism might have created the significant impact on the organizational activities. However, mismanagement of the culture related barriers could create more obligations in developing the secure future in the external competitive market. Hence, it can be implied that the changes implemented by the company has the clear effects on both the internal and external environment. Critical Evaluation of the organizational structure Organizational structure is made of a group of people that has the control over the organizational functionalities. The maintenance of the collaborative work approaches and different functionalities is the effective way of managing workforce. The systematic organizational structure helps in concentrating on different work departments and gains control over the workforce. Similarly, IRO maintains the hierarchy structure, which is guided by the manager at the top level (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer, 2013). The instruction derived from headquarter is followed by the manager at the higher level. The manager instructs the workforce and allocates the works to each individual as per the expertise. The collaborative structure within the organization helps in developing the diversified workforce that results in high quality services. The efficient leaders are helpful towards the associated workers to ensure the high performance parameter. The six elements consisted with the organizational struct ure are needed to be taken into consideration. First, the work specialization, which determines the job allocation and job functionalities, is considering the individual potentiality. Second element is departmentalization, which establishes the collaborative work scenario. The third element is span of control, which ensures the potentiality of the manager in terms of managing the entire workforce (Krasnikov Jayachandran, May). Fifth element considers the centralization or the decentralization that deals with the decision-making aspects of the organization. The final elements deal with the formalization, which indicates the standardized version of the work functionality. It is notable that the IRO maintains these elements in a constructive way and improves the workflow in a sequential way. The major focus of the organization is to influence the multiculturalism that creates the significant outcome for the future sustainable position. Securing the competitive edge is necessary for the organization by developing the technological equipment and multilingual flexibility (Alegre Chiva, 2013). The multiculturalism has the significant impact on the organizational activities. On the contrary, mismanagement of the culture related barriers could create more obligations in developing the secure future in the external competitive market. Therefore, the managers operating the entire workforce are needed to be efficient enough to determine the appropriate job allocations (Manzoor, 2012). In fact, the leaders are responsible towards motivating the workforce for the betterment of the performance parameter. As a result, the organization can meet the expectation leve l of the target audience. It is thus notable that the managers associated with the hierarchy require having the adequate knowledge of managing the work functionalities for the betterment of the quality parameter. The workplace diversity helps in improving the performance productivity within a workplace. It is notable that the group work facilitates the high quality work profile that has the significant impact on the organizational profitability. It is noticed that the managers from IRO is much inclined towards formulating the diverse nature of workplace since they seek more innovations for the upcoming years (Schiuma, 2012). The obstructions and determinants may have the clear influence of the internal activities. In such cases, the maintenance of the clear and sequential organizational structure helps in managing the activities with proper efficiency. Focusing on the consisting elements and developing the diverse workforce culture would be more profitable in managing the external environment as well. Hence, it can be implied that the organizational structure helps in securing the competitive position of a firm by promising the better work approaches. However, the enough motivations from the leaders and efficiency maintained in the work culture would be more beneficial and remarkable. Reference List: Alegre, J., Chiva, R. (2013). Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance.Journal of Small Business Management,51(4), 491-507. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 433-440. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.a Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Haas, A., Snehota, I., Corsaro, D. (2012). Creating value in business relationships: The role of sales.Industrial Marketing Management,41(1), 94-105. Hammer, M. (2015). What is business process management?. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 3-16). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Henderson, D. (2017). The role of business in the world of today.Business, Capitalism and Corporate Citizenship: A Collection of Seminal Essays. Krasnikov, A., Jayachandran, S. (2013, May). The relative impact of marketing, research-and-development, and operations capabilities on firm performance. American Marketing Association. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Rummler, G. A., Brache, A. P. (2012).Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F., Hansen, E. G. (2012). Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), 95-119. Schiuma, G. (2012). Managing knowledge for business performance improvement.Journal of Knowledge Management,16(4), 515-522. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Sheng, S., Zhou, K. Z., Li, J. J. (2013, May). The effects of business and political ties on firm performance: Evidence from China. American Marketing Association. Ward, J. (2016).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Max Steel advert Essay Example

Max Steel advert Essay The focus in both adverts stays sharp throughout usually. In the Nancy advert when the doll is shown with the girls face the camera slowly focuses out to give the girls face a more beautiful complexion with blemish free skin. This could possibly make the child think thats what they will look like if they possess this product. Since the boys advert seems to have more of a narrative towards it the dialogue is slightly different in comparison with the girls advert. As in the boys advert the dialogue is presented by a deep gruff male voice and reads out a type of story towards the child which repeatedly puts out the products name towards the audience (possibly so the child remembers the name of the toy and tells their parents who are the more likely party to purchase the product). In girls adverts the dialogue does not really tell us a story rather than it gives the idea that this is a how young girl should act. It is presented in a very typical feminine voice, sometimes to the backing of a quiet thumping beat. We will write a custom essay sample on Max Steel advert specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Max Steel advert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Max Steel advert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The sound effects in the girls advert are diegetic and not many that are shown are non-diegetic for example the sound track or voice over. Some of the sounds included in the girls advert are related to the product for example, the school bell and children laughing. This gives the toy a more realistic feel to it. An opposite to this is in the boys advert, the sounds are still diegetic but are much more emphasised and action packed, for example in the Max Steel advert the sounds used are explosions and missiles been fired. A similarity between the two is that they both have background music but the difference in the two is that the Nancy advert has a more piano effect giving a form of femininity whilst the boys advert is more forte and giving a faster pace effect that people relate to masculinity. The lighting in Max Steel is a three point lighting in a fill light to knock out the shadows, possibly so that the audience isnt distracted by the shadows which could be quite distracting as the product is constantly moving in the advert. This would be a downfall, as the audience may not remember information about the product. In the Nancy advert the lighting has been put in a back light to define and enhance the product making it more appealing to the audience as the toy is the only object in the advert. The differences in the camera movement of the two adverts isnt that vast as both use a pan effect especially in the girls advert as the camera pans around the product about 180 degrees. This defines the object where as in the boys advert the camera stays fixed on the object but moves as the product moves. The camera shots in both adverts are also very similar as both stay in a long shot giving definition on the product, this is more appealing to the audience. In conclusion I find that there is a difference between boys and girls adverts that is apparent to us as an older audience but to a younger audience aged between eight and nine years they would just see it as a window into a new way of playing. The restrictions of price cost arent comprehensible to them. There is a line that splits boys adverts from girls adverts that we as an older audience can tell by sound definition whether an advert is for boys or girls without even needing a visual aid.

Communication Example

Communication Example Communication – Article Example Good communication skills are very important for to succeed in school. Communication can be defined as the process of sending and receiving symbols with attached meaning (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn). In an online learning environment students must have good written communication skills to accomplish the weekly tasks given to them. Students must learn to paraphrase written material in order to provide good references in essays and reports. A paper should not have more than 10% of direct quotes or paraphrased material. It is important to communicate well with others because a lot of learning takes place in school through the conversations students have with their classmates. The use of online forums has become a popular way for students to interact with each other. In a learning forum the first task is to read the discussions posted by the professor and your classmates. Replying to these posts gives students the chance to interact with each other. Effective communication with other stu dents is very important because interaction with your classmates is critical towards the learning process. GCU emphasizes proper etiquette in forums to ensure students communicate with each other in a professional manner. Students must ask questions whenever they do not understand a theory, procedure, or concept. It is important for professors to keep the lines of communication with the students open at all times. Taking good notes during class can help a student organize important ideas from the course. Students should also take notes whenever they are reading a chapter, article, or case study. Prior to writing an essay students should develop an outline. Outlines help students gather ideas and organize information in a logical manner. Work Cited PageSchermerhorn, John, James Hunt, and Richard Osborn. Organizational Behavior (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2003. Print.

SAT Exact Start Time and End Time

SAT Exact Start Time and End Time SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Timing is everything, especially when it comes to the SAT. Besides managing your time on eachsection of the test, you also have to plan your day around this long exam. Since latecomers won't be admitted to the testing room, when should you plan to arrive on test day? For that matter, what time can you breathe a sigh of relief and, all finished with the exam, head back home? This guide will go over the exact start and end times of the SAT so you can plan your schedule for that special SAT-urday. What Time Do You Need to Arrive for the SAT? The SAT is given on Saturday mornings (unless you request and are approved for an alternative testing date due to religious reasons). Doors close at 8:00AM, unless otherwise specified, so students should aim to be at the test center by 7:45AM at the latest. Some test locations, including your high school, will be holding multiple exams, like the GRE for graduate school. There might be a line of people waiting, and it could take some time to find your name on a list and locate your room. To be especially safe and get ahead of any lines, you sould aim to be there even earlier, like by 7:30AM. Apart from finding your assigned room and seat, you also may have to hang up your bag and/or coat somewhere outside of the testing room. What also takes time that morning is getting checked in with your admission ticket and ID. [Side note: make sure to hold onto your admission ticket, as you'll need it to fill out some personal information on your test!] Once you find your room and assigned seat, your proctor will give instructions and pass out the tests. You'll spend some time filling out your personal details on the test. All of this settling in takes about 30 minutes to an hour, so you'll start taking the SAT between 8:30AM and 9:00AM. Again, arrive by 7:45AM at the latest. No one will be admitted once testing has started. You'll be at your testing center for 45 minutes to an hour before you start in on your first section, which will be Reading on the redesigned test. After you begin between 8:30AM and 9:00AM, what time will you be all finished with the SAT? Will you look something like this? When Will You Be Finished With the SAT? The new SATis 3 hours long, or 3 hours and 50 minutes with the optional essay. Since you can decide whether or not to take the essay section on the redesigned SAT, your choice will determine your exact end time. Given this variation, let’s consider your end time on the SAT in two scenarios: first, without the essay, and second, with the essay. SAT End Time Without the Essay If you choose not to take the essay, then you’ll be finished about an hour earlier than students who elect to include this section. The SAT has a 65-minute Reading section, a 35-minute Writing and Language section, and two Math sections: 25 minutes (without calculator) and 55 minutes (with calculator). The sections on the SAT will be given in this same order - Reading, Writing, Math (no calculator), and Math (with calculator). You should get twoshort breaks of about five minutes each, one after the Reading section and the other between the two Math sections. While your total testing time will be 3 hours, your entire test-taking experience will look more like 3 hours and 10 minutes with the breaks. If you began your test between 8:30 and 9:00, then you'd be finished between 11:40AM and 12:10PM. At this point, you’re all donewith your SAT. Other students, though, may stay longer and move onto a fourth hour of testing if they're taking the essay. SAT End Time With the Essay Students who choose to take the SAT essay will get this section last, after Reading, Writing and Language, and both Math sections. The essay is 50 minutes long, and you’ll get a short break of five to ten minutes before you start writing. That means you can add 55 minutes to an hour to your end time. If you start taking the SAT (with the essay) between 8:30AM and 9:00AM, then you can expect to be finished sometime between 12:35PM and 1:10PM. A good estimate for your end time is around 1:00PM Apart from the amount of time it takes to get everyone checked in and ready to test, are there any variations in how long the SAT takes? Does the SAT Always Take the Same Amount of Time? Except for students with accommodations for extended time, the SAT should take the same amount of time in any testing center in the U.S. or internationally. The reality is that there can be some variation in terms of break time, with some proctors being more flexible and allowing between five and ten minutes. If there were any problems, such as distracting noise or a student being dismissed for cell phone use, this could also potentially cause a delay. Some students have reported that proctors skipped their breaks entirely, which isn't helpfulfor your pacing or for fairness across the board. You have the right to two 5-minute breaks (and a third before the essay), so you should speak up if you don't get your entitled break time. One recent incident involving an issue with timing was on the June 6th 2015 administration of the current version of the SAT. There was a misprint in the test booklet, resulting in some students receiving an extra five minutes on what should have been a 20 minute section. This was a huge problem that caused a lot of controversy and complaints, as an extra five minutes is a full 25% increase in time for some students and not others. Ultimately, the College Board still provided scores for students, but omitted that particular section, claiming that it could still provide accurate scores without it. Apart from this June 6th situation, which hopefully won’t repeat itself with the simplified format of the redesigned SAT, the SAT start and end time generally remain standard at around 3 (or 4) hours in all test centers. For the most part, you can be pretty confident about what your schedule will look like on test day. You can further take control of your morning by preparing everything you’ll need the day before. Armed and ready with No. 2 pencils. Planning for SAT Test Day Pack your bag with Number 2 pencils, a calculator, snacks, and a drink, and plan to arrive at your testing center between 7:30AM and 7:45 AM. You'll spend about an hour checking in, finding your room and assigned seat, and filling out personal details on the test before you actually begin taking it between 8:30AM and 9:00AM. To sustain your focus and energy over this four-hour period of test-taking, make sure to take advantage of breaks to move around, drink water, and have a snack. Look around the room or out the window, as staring up close at a test for so long can strain your eyes. Just moving and doing something else, even if it's just for a few minutes, will help re-energize you, clear your mind, and collect yourself before the next section. You'll be all finished with the SAT between 12:30PM and 1:00PM. Congratulate yourself for preparing for and taking this intense test, and enjoy the rest of your Saturday! What's Next? What SAT score should you be aiming for?What's a good SAT score?Find out more in our detailed guide. Feelingstressed about finishing all the questions in time? Learn and try out these best strategies to stop running out of time on Critical Reading and Math. Have youregistered for the SAT yet?If not, check out our step-by-step guide to SAT registration for everything you need to know. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Composing american Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Composing american - Essay Example The United States had recently entered into world political theater and literally revolutionized the outcome of WWI. America was no longer a small colonial settlement that once broke away from its European control; it was a nation in its own right that was now as powerful, if not more so, than the traditional Western powers. As a result, the distinct attributes of the nation spilled over into the arts and the American composers of the ‘roaring’ 1920’s ushered in an era that revolutionized the existing pattern to a more modern phase. One of the manifestations of this phenomenon was George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue in 1924 which revealed the break away from the traditional composition and demonstrated the influence of a new era. Alternating between the traditional and the Modern, Gershwin introduced himself as a peer amongst the American composers of his time (Oja 646). As a self-proclaimed â€Å"man without traditions,† a statement on which Copland later agreed, Gershwin’s work established a symphonic jazz masterpiece that endures far beyond the mixed perspective of critics of the time (649). The creation of a distinct profile while still connected to Western Europe expansion was a deviation from the norm that was too much for standard critical acclaim (648). Though not entirely negative, the response was one that spawned much debate and elevated Gershwin to a level of prolific discussion, both good and bad, amongst the composing communities of the world. Contrary to what some of the critics thought, Rhapsody in Blue became an instant success and enjoyed a degree of fame that eluded other aspiring modernists. Rhapsody in Blue became so popular that it was performed with the Whiteman’s Orchestra eighty four times in the first year â€Å"and sales of the disc totaled some one million copies.† (Deena Rosenberg, 1991) It was the most opportune time or period when Rhapsody in Blue was

Matrix review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Matrix review - Essay Example In regard to Richard Paul article, critical thinkers remain as those who can see past what is before them and inquire more to get the reality. He insists on the value of critical thinking to evade delusions and find the reality of things commonly perceived real. The three emphasize on the existence of illusions plus reality and how the society should perceive them in deeper thought. 2) How does the film "Inception" reflect how powerful people gain access to our unconscious mind? Stated differently, what does the film attempt to tell us about how media influence our deepest sense of unconscious desires and world/political view? In Inception, Dominic Cobb, the dream architects specialized in stealing or implanting information in people’s dreams when they were vulnerable most. In likening to that movie, the media also gains entry to people’s mind unconsciously and influence their desires or political view through constant advertisements or positive recommendations of certain candidates. An excellent example entails the media constantly advertising a certain product. People unconsciously become influenced into liking or purchasing that product. In the movie, The Matrix, the actor, Neo becomes pulled from a given kind of cave and comes to view the real world from another perspective. In likening the matrix to Plato’s allegory about the cave as Neo come to realize that the world he knew before was an illusion just like the prisoner who climbed out of the cave, and realized a real world existed (Plato, 2010). Neo in discovering that his old world was an illusion becomes likened to the shadows that existed in the cave and the other prisoners though were real. Plato insists that people often perceive illusions which they commonly think it’s real. Plato continues by saying that reality can only be perceived by individuals who free themselves and accept it (Plato, 2010). In the addition,

Small hospitality businesses Essay Example for Free

Small hospitality businesses Essay Hotel firms provide products which include tangible and intangible elements that combine into an exclusive combination of production and service. While room provision is a pure service activity, food and beverage functions involve processing and retailing processes. This might signify that the actual delivery of hospitality services may diverge widely and that the benefits derived are associated with feelings or emotions. The repercussions are that consumers use biased and contradictory frames of reference to judge the quality of services, presenting difficulties for the hotel operative in satisfying the customer. Customer prejudice is emphasized in Day and Peters comments that â€Å"Quality is rather like pornography in this respect. We may not be able to describe it easily, but we know it when we see it†. Its ambiguity is amplified because high quality service is often delivered by impulsive and since reacts by hotel staff which cannot simply be practiced or scripted, but are even so an important means of client satisfaction. In order to endure and be successful, a business has to make sure that it is producing the goods or services that the customer wants, that it gets its quality right, and that it brings on time. There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that are straight links with the satisfaction of the server and customer, repeat sales and profits. Heskettet al. implies that quality, repeat usage, profits and investment form a self-reinforcing rotation. As a result, despite the apparently indefinable nature of the hotel product, service improvement can represent an important source of competitive advantage because quality in service delivery can lead to more repeat custom and greater sales revenue. Augmented presentation may also benefit managers and staff whose tangible and intangible benefits include job satisfaction, profit sharing and esteem. Small businesses are imperative to the financial health of both developed and developing countries. Gavron et al. (1998) makes a note of the vitality of the hospitality and tourism sector in this regard, in which low barrier to access generally ensure a steady supply of new businesses; at the same time as unproductive or inefficient ones are going through difficulty. Quinn et al. (1992) remarks on the somewhat low capital investment required to start new small tourist businesses. Entry costs can be abridged even for relatively asset-intensive businesses such as hotels, through leasing or through mortgage/loan agreements. Welshand White (1981) describe as resource poverty the inclination of small hospitality businesses to be short of financial backing and management skill and Gavron et al. (1998) refer to this as the reason why 64 per cent of UK small businesses fall short within four years. In Germany, where an inspection is required before an industrialist can start up in business, the rate is 32 per cent. Specific tourism-related statistics are limited, but, for example, Chelland Pittaway (1997) report that almost 50 percent of restaurants did not endure the first two years in their study. The British Venture Capital Association (1996) makes a note that many small business managers are provoked by life style rather than economic and success issues. While this does not automatically mean that they function to insufficient professional standards, it does simply that they may not be motivated to endeavor further improvement in a business which already produces adequate profits. Eggers et al. (1994) note that businesses either look for stabilization or have an expansion orientation. They categorize a series of central business stages and comment that a business which is thriving at one stage may not have the knowledge crucial to uphold success in others. Thus, although small businesses have a vital part in creating tourist satisfaction, they are neither a homogeneous group, nor able to give constantly high service delivery. Benchmarking Camp (1989) and Zairi (1996) observe benchmarking as a way to contrast organizational practice and produce improvement. Smithet al. (1993) classifies the benefits of benchmarking as: †¢ presenting an organization how to better meet client requirements; †¢ recognizing an organization’s strengths and weaknesses; †¢ Inspiring incessant operational enhancement; and †¢ A cost-effective means of gathering inventive ideas. The key classifications of benchmarking are among internal/external and generic/functional (Zairi, 1992). Internal benchmarking contains the sharing of performance pointers between sections of an organization or between divisions in a group (Cross and Leonard, 1994). External benchmarking involves assessment with challengers or peers working in the same industry (Karlof and Ostblom, 1994). Generic/functional benchmarking looks for comparison against organizations or sectors performing parallel activities or facing comparable problems, not essentially in the same industry (Breiter and Kline, 1995; Cook, 1995). Thus the benchmarking of small hospitality/tourism businesses may possibly involve comparison with other such businesses, or with a certain service characteristic such as customer care, in another business segment, such as airlines. Benchmarking in the hospitality industry Organizations have to attain an overall level of performance in order to be competitive. Categorization and grading schemes and awards such as IiP and Excellence through People can act as external enablers that circuitously sway the performance level of an organization as a yield. All these grading and award systems can be acknowledged as benchmarks signifying how businesses execute against a variety of standards. In theory they make it achievable to perk up both systems and service outputs on a continuing basis. To profit from external benchmarking, small tourism businesses must be inspired to reflect and scan. It is essential that external bodies such as TECS, tourist boards and associations, professional bodies and organizations such as British Hospitality Association participate in presenting the benchmarking procedure as a positive and important support to business efficiency. Local bodies involved in destination identification plans which are harmonious with the future plans for the destination. Management needs to build up award and given the instability in the small hospitality sector, it may be that those small businesses which can most profit from benchmarking are the very ones that are deficient of the assets and partiality to carry it out (Micklewright, 1993). Either way, the benchmarking of small organizations against one another is improbable to make a genuine impact on destination preference and tourist satisfaction. It is also noteworthy that the inadequate examples of benchmarking carried out among small tourism businesses have almost all been carried out by external third parties (Coker, 1996; Department of National Heritage, 1996; Johns et al. , 1996;Johns et al. , 1997). Such studies involve small businesses only to give data to external researchers and then gain from the data; there is no need for them to carry out any lively research themselves. Externally instigated approaches to benchmarking comprise classification/grading schemes and awards, which can likewise be used to gauge the performance of small hospitality businesses and to lift standards. In theory, grading schemes create universal benchmark standards against which the individual small businesses are evaluated. They also supply consumers with important information about hotels and other businesses.

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Teachers Essays

My Philosophy of Education As a military wife, I have had the experience of working in several different school systems. I was a substitute teacher and a teaching assistant for four years. I started my college education right after high school. However, I halted my studies when my ex-husband and I were stationed in Germany. Soon after, my children came and consumed most of my time. If I was asked the question now about my career choice at 18, I would have to say that I am glad I got to experience the world first. I have enjoyed raising my children and working in the school system. I am now back in college after a 16-year break. I am more prepared mentally and I am focused and determined to reach my goals of becoming a teacher. I know that being a teacher is my true calling in life. Over the years, I have had the privilege of working with ten different teachers. I have considered their examples to be exceptional reference material. I see things that have worked and things I can relate to. I have also seen things that didn’t work. I have been very fortunate to be able to give my profession of choice a trial run before spending this time getting prepared for a career in teaching. An eclectic approach to teaching and learning is what I would like to have in my classroom. I would draw my practices from progressivism, essentialism, existentialism and realism. I also understand that some things will work with one class but may not work well with another. I know that I will need to be flexible when working with a diverse number of individuals. With progressivism, I believe that there should be instruction where students participate in critical thinking, problem solving and decision-making. These exercises help children to survive in the real world. I think cooperative learning will teach children to work well with others but also draw off each other’s ideas. Applying essentialism in the classroom is where the basic core curriculum will come in. There will be standards that need to be met in these areas. This will be where creativity needs to be implemented to get the material that is required across to the children. I believe in time-on-task emphasis as well as modeling appropriate behavior.

Perserving Nature, Perserving Us Essay

When John Berger suggests, â€Å"It is within this bleak natural context that beauty is encountered, and the encounter is by its nature sudden and unpredictable† (Berger 92) he establishes that even though there are rare moments of beauty found in nature, none of them are permanent. He goes further to explain that these moments of beauty are examples of art: â€Å"Art is an organized response to what nature allows us to glimpse occasionally† (Berger 94). This suggests that nature is only beautiful when these infrequent flashes are captured in art. For example, the idea of the white bird that Berger discusses in his essay is taken from nature and is molded into a delicate, precious handmade piece. When the real bird is mentioned in his essay he says, â€Å"Outside, in minus 25 °C, the real birds are freezing to death† (Berger 94). His outlook on nature is portrayed as beastly. Only the idea of the white bird sculpture is beautiful to him. Though the suffering bird isn’t the most appealing thought; it is nature, it is real. He is referring to his idea that â€Å"within these bleak natural contexts, beauty is encountered.† of beauty, how can these people continue to be so dedicated with preserving nature? It is advocated that nature is consistently beautiful alone. These organizations and groups are devoted to preserving and allowing nature to be beautiful permanently. Like Berger says art is the permanence of nature’s beauty, the goal of these people is to transform the art, or the instant of beauty into an endless aesthetic. A picturesque moment in the eyes of Berger is instants that provoke aesthetic emotion. These brief seconds in time portray hopefulness within nature. He says that by organizing these hopeful and beautiful moments in time, art is therefore formed. Art by definition is â€Å"any of various pursuits or occupations in which creative or imaginative skill is applied according to aesthetic principles† (OED). These moments are found so sparingly because nature is and will always be uncertain. Even in today’s world with all the technology, we are still not prepared for the wrath of nature, let alone to fathom how harsh or when these unstable moments will arise. The idea Berger offers that nature solely has brief periods of beauty supports my question of why people try so hard to preserve nature itself. Today people are involved with  environmental programs such as Greenpeace and recycling, all with the same goal of trying to preserve and save the future of our planet. If Berger’s point of view is that nature only has a certain extent of beauty, how can these people continue to preserve nature? We see beauty all around us. It starts right here at home. Being a student at NYU it’s customary to walk through Washington Square Park each day. While in the park we see many forms of art. The question arises that why in an urban city do we have parks? We have an assortment of parks, from central park to Union Square Park and many more through out the city. Well the logic behind having these parks is that they portray beauty in the most desolate areas. After a long day of being locked up in classes, the only thing that acts as an outlet from classes and school is sitting in Washington Square Park. The park not only acts as an escape, but it allows one to find peace within the stressful and chaotic city. When I am in the park I can clear my mind as well as be one with nature. Nature is beautiful. Nature or these parks will always be beautiful even in the winter. How many times have you seen pictures of Washington Square Park with snow covered benches, and the frozen fountain, and it still be the most breath-taking scene? The community and these organizations thrive on upholding, and protecting parks such as these. It is because of people like this, people who care, people who see beauty where it may not be all the time is why nature and these parks are aesthetic. Ann Zwinger, the author of â€Å"A Desert World† allegorizes the representation that nature holds. Her core ideas of endurance, empathy, and anguish that each grain of sand holds exemplify her reason for constructing this essay. Nature gives us a certain consideration for how the world cultivates itself and how it has fashioned our daily lives. Zwigger views the most desolate environment as beautiful and hopeful. Similarly, Berger’s essay implies that nature’s beauty comes and goes whereas Zwinger makes it clear that nature always demonstrates beauty and stories. She furthers her thinking by clarifying, â€Å"I tally the physiological adjustments of blood and urine, hearing and seeing, of adaptations in behavior that make life in the desert not only possible with verve, qualities seen and unseen that spell out not only survival, but survival with zest† (Zwigger 416). These things that survive in nature are not hardly getting by, but yet they flourish because of innovation forced upon them when evolution occurs. It is important to remember how the world  came to be signifying the optimism of aesthetics, and yet there is still an immense area for development. The sight of a visually appealing landscape is irreplaceable, but also a memorandum of where we come from. If we take a step back and try and interpret what Zwinger is trying to say, she is saying beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. To me what may be beautiful is the opposite of what Zwinger thinks. She views the cave and the desert to be the most beautiful thing. However, to me I find the sparkling waters in the Caribbean simply spectacular. As she finds the ability of animals to survive and evolve in the desert to be beautiful and intriguing, comparably, I find these sea creatures to be the same. The amount of ocean life that is flourishing that we don’t even know about is not only unfathomable but is beautiful. Even the unknown of nature is beautiful. Damien Hirst perfectly depicts art that is nature frozen in time similarly to the concept that John Berger discusses in his essay. Hirst’s series â€Å"The White Cube,† are these simple, transparent glass boxes with motionless animals inside them. These animals are not just examples, but they are nature’s beauty captured by art. This explicitly illustrates my thoughts on the biggest contrasts between how Berger views nature and my own views. I feel that by capturing these moments they become stuck or full of tension. Moreover, Hirsts artwork can are arguably not be beautiful in that life cannot be seen in these still pieces of art. On the other hand, to further my thinking, Zwinger may view his work to imprison nature. These freely roaming creatures are now fixed. The question posed in this essay was why do we preserve nature? I believe that nature is kept preserved because if we do not uphold nature, we will not be alive. There are many things in this world that we take for granted, nature being one of them. Even Berger describes nature as being â€Å"energy and struggle† he goes further to articulates, â€Å"Nature has no promises.† Berger fully understands the delicacy of nature but he fails to recognize its overall beauty. Furthermore I think that from nature’s beauty humans can learn about themselves. An example of this can be hunting. Humans hunt for animals, however hunting teaches you a lot more then just how to shoot a gun. Hunting teaches you how to be patient. It teaches you to respect and to be thankful. Hunting is a form of nature. It is a way of life that happens within nature everyday. If we keep these positive attributes of nature in mind we will want to preserve the wilderness. The more we look into why we  keep nature around the more we can learn about ourselves. Works Cited Berger, John. â€Å"The White Bird.† The Sense of Sight. NY: Vintage, 1993. 5-11. Zwinger, Ann. â€Å"A Desert World.† Trans. Array Occasions for Writing- Evidence, Idea, Essay. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008. 415-416. Print.

Falcon Computer Essay

Falcon managers documented that the company’s communications is an open kind of communication, but why did they always hold a meeting with an executive panel. Quality was said to be the most important of all, in a sense that they delivered damaged-free computers to customers; in contrast, two out of four defective computers were used in one of their trainings. Despite the fact that the employees, like Peter Richards, knows about the inconsistency between their values and behavior, they choose to behave. Because normally when we talk of our values, these are the things that we strongly feel about. These are the things we are either for or against. And it’s often easier to think of what we are for rather than what we are against. This is because we feel positive energy when we are working on what we are for. Even if our values are negative, we can be stronger and more focused by expressing it positively. The way Falcon values formulated is a technique involving the advocacy of a behavior that is opposite to the one existing with the expectation that this approach will encourage the employees of the persuasion to believe that they are working in an ideal environment against the existing reality. With this, executives possibly would like to hide the flaws of the company. They would want the employees to be positively motivated by satisfying themselves to a blind belief that there are no problems at all. And when the company closed, the employee will just have thought that this is something they have seen before and have not done anything because of the hope that a positive change might happen in between.

To be Alone (Of Mice And Men) essays

To be Alone (Of Mice And Men) essays John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men paints a grim picture of human tendencies. The greatest downfall of human nature is the way in which people seek to harm others to make themselves feel stronger. This novel touches on various social minorities and the manner in which each is dealt with by the superior classes. The portrayal of women of the 1930s in Steinbecks novel is less than flattering. They are the root of all evil, intentionally leading to the downfall of man. In a time where women just received the vote not a decade before, it is obvious that a females role was not a prominent one in any setting. The only significant female of the story, Curleys wife, is initially portrayed as the temptress, prowling around the ranch looking for trouble in the form of a susceptible man. But as the story goes on, she becomes increasingly complex, and some motives to her madness are revealed. She got the eye. This is the first reference to Curley s wife, given by the old man, Candy. His bias as an older gentleman, who grew up in the mid 19th century could have something to do with his opinion. Women during his era, projected chastity and innocence. Curleys wife seems anything but chaste and innocent. Upon meeting George and Lennie for the first time, she flirts shamelessly and her bold disposition is evident. She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. Everything implies that she is unfaithful and unashamed. Her exchange with Lennie reveals why. In her first and last personal conversation shared with the readers, she discloses that she married Curley out of convenience and doesn t even like him. It was an opportunity to escape the authority of her mother, but instead led to another confining relationship. Her relations with other people are just one of her many downfalls. Another co...

Permiso de residencia por matrimonio gay o de lesbianas

Permiso de residencia por matrimonio gay o de lesbianas En Estados Unidos los matrimonios gays, conformados por dos hombres o dos mujeres, tienen los mismos derechos migratorios que los conformados por un varà ³n y una mujer. Lo fundamental en este tipo de matrimonios es que sean vlidos segà ºn las leyes del lugar en el que se celebran, que no tiene que corresponder con las del lugar donde habitualmente residen los cà ³nyuges o uno de ellos.   A pesar de esta igualdad de derechos entre los  matrimonios gays y los heterosexuales, en ocasiones se producen conflictos o demoras porque se trata de un derecho relativamente reciente. Es por ello que el abogado de inmigracià ³n Frank Calabrese responde en la siguiente entrevista a dudas de gays, lesbianas, bisexuales y transexuales casados con personas de su mismo sexo, en relacià ³n al permiso de residencia (green card) y otros beneficios migratorios como visas de trabajo, peticiones de hijos, etc. Adems, se finaliza este artà ­culo con importantes consejos migratorios para los casos en los que se est buscando la green card por matrimonio. Antecedentes y situacià ³n actual sobre derechos migratorios para matrimonios gays El 26 de junio de 2013, la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos sentencià ³ que era inconstitucional la Seccià ³n 3 de la Ley de Defensa del Matrimonio (DOMA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que limitaba a efectos de reconocimiento federal el matrimonio al formado por un hombre y una mujer. Hasta esta decisià ³n de la Corte Suprema, DOMA prohibà ­a que el gobierno federal reconociese como vlidos los matrimonios conformados por personas del mismo sexo.   Ahora que la Seccià ³n 3 de DOMA ya no es vlida, desde el punto de vista de las leyes de inmigracià ³n, los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos y los residentes permanentes casados con personas de su mismo sexo reciben el mismo tratamiento que los matrimonios conformados por un hombre y una mujer. Pregunta:  ¿Tenemos que vivir en un estado que reconoce legalmente el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo para solicitar un permiso de residencia de residencia? Respuesta: No. Desde el punto de vista de inmigracià ³n, el matrimonio se reconoce siempre y cuando que sea vlido en la jurisdiccià ³n en la que se celebrà ³. Si te has casado en un estado o en un paà ­s que reconoce legalmente el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, tu matrimonio es reconocido a efectos de inmigracià ³n en los Estados Unidos. Los matrimonios pueden legalmente residir en cualquier estado de la Unià ³n Americana.  ¿Es suficiente tener una relacià ³n legalmente reconocida pero que no es matrimonio, como por ejemplo una unià ³n civil o una pareja de hecho? No en estos momentos. Si es posible, deben  casarse en una jurisdiccià ³n que permite el matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo brinda mayor seguridad y es un camino menos problemtico para solicitar la tarjeta de residencia, incluso en los casos en los que ya se est viviendo en una situacià ³n de unià ³n civil o pareja de hecho.  ¿Quà © pasa si mi pareja se encuentra fuera de los Estados Unidos y no podemos casarnos en su paà ­s de origen? Las leyes de inmigracià ³n de los Estados Unidos permiten la solicitud de una visa de prometido para parejas cuya intencià ³n es contraer matrimonio. Una vez que la visa es concedida, la persona extranjera puede entrar legalmente en Estados Unidos y la pareja debe contraer matrimonio en los 90 dà ­as siguientes en un estado que legalmente permite este tipo de matrimonio (esta visa solo aplica a ciudadanos, no a residentes) Asimismo, estas parejas pueden viajar a otro paà ­s donde el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo est legalmente reconocido y luego seguir el procedimiento consular que siguen las parejas casadas heterosexuales en el paà ­s de origen del cà ³nyuge extranjero. Conseguà ­ mi tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio con una mujer, pero desde entonces he hecho pà ºblica mi homosexualidad y ahora estoy casado con un hombre.  ¿Puedo solicitar una tarjeta de residencia para à ©l? Las personas que obtuvieron su residencia por razà ³n de un matrimonio anterior no tienen necesariamente una prohibicià ³n para solicitar a su nuevo cà ³nyuge. Sin embargo, como en todos los casos de matrimonio, esas personas tiene la obligacià ³n de demostrar que su relacià ³n es de buena fe. En estos casos un abogado experto puede ayudarte a examinar los posibles riesgos y beneficios y si hay o no un conjunto de circunstancias que pueden levantar sospechas de fraude en el oficial del USCIS que debe decidir sobre el caso. Y si tienes o no evidencia suficiente para vencer cualquier posible sospecha. Una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a americana me ha contratado para trabajar y vivir en los Estados Unidos con una visa H-1B.  ¿Puede tambià ©n vivir en EEUU mi cà ³nyuge que es de mi mismo sexo? Sà ­. Los matrimonios conformados por personas del mismo sexo estn ahora reconocidos con igualdad de derechos migratorios que los matrimonios entre un hombre y una mujer. Si cumple con todos los requisitos para ser elegible, puede acompaà ±ar a su esposo o esposa siempre y cuando se trate de una categorà ­a de visas que contempla la posibilidad de visas derivadas para los cà ³nyuges, como son las H-4 (trabajo), J-2 (intercambio) o F-2 (estudiante), etc.  ¿Quà © pasa si mi pareja est en los Estados Unidos como indocumentado? ¿Todavà ­a podemos aplicar? Esto va a depender de tu caso concreto. Si la persona extranjera entrà ³ legalmente a los Estados Unidos por una aduana donde fue inspeccionado por un oficial de inmigracià ³n pero simplemente lo que ha hecho es quedarse ms tiempo del permitido, entonces en muchos casos puede que està © autorizado/a a solicitar la tarjeta de residencia basndose en su matrimonio con un ciudadano americano. Pero si entrà ³ a los Estados Unidos simplemente cruzando la frontera sin que un oficial de inmigracià ³n le autorizase la entrada entonces en estos casos tendr que salir de EEUU y solicitar la tarjeta de residencia en un consulado en su paà ­s de origen. En todo caso, algunos pueden necesitar solicitar ciertos perdones (conocidos como waiver en inglà ©s). Las leyes migratorias pueden ser muy complicadas en estos casos y si tà º o tu pareja estn en los Estados Unidos como indocumentados o sin estatus, es muy recomendable solicitar el consejo de un abogado experto en estos temas antes de iniciar cualquier trmite.  ¿Quà © pasa si tenemos hijos? Cuando un ciudadano de los Estados Unidos aplica por una tarjeta de residencia para su esposo/a, tambià ©n puede pedir los papeles para los hijos de su cà ³nyuge por ser sus hijastros. Si el cà ³nyuge extranjero es el padre o la madre biolà ³gico de esos nià ±os, es posiblemente el mejor procedimiento a seguir, incluso en los casos en los que el ciudadano americano considera ya a esos muchachos como hijos propios. En todo caso los hijos deben ser menores de 21 aà ±os de edad, solteros y el matrimonio debe haberse celebrado antes de que los muchachos hayan cumplido los 18.  ¿Quà © pasa con la reforma migratoria? ¿Hay alguna razà ³n por la que puede recomendarse esperar? No se puede predecir lo que va a hacer el Congreso. La reforma migratoria puede ser aprobada o no en el futuro. En cualquier caso no hay modo de saber ahora cules serà ­an las protecciones para las personas del colectivo LGBT que contemplarà ­a la ley. Mientras tanto, mientras el Servicio de Naturalizacià ³n e Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y los consulados continà ºan implementando las leyes de inmigracià ³n de los Estados Unidos segà ºn las directrices actuales no es necesario que se aprueben ms leyes para que las parejas del mismo sexo legalmente casadas inicien sus trmites para la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia.  ¿Podemos presentar la solicitud nosotros mismos o necesitamos a un abogado? ¿Necesitamos a un abogado especialista en temas de inmigracià ³n o en asuntos propios del colectivo LGBT? Mientras que es cierto que mucha gente solicita por sà ­ misma y con à ©xito las tarjetas de residencia por razà ³n de matrimonio, hay que tener en cuenta que las leyes de inmigracià ³n pueden ser bastante complicadas. Adems, las solicitudes en los casos de matrimonios conformados por personas del mismo sexo es todavà ­a un rea legal nueva y que muchos oficiales de inmigracià ³n no tiene todavà ­a el suficiente conocimiento o no se sienten cà ³modos con estos asuntos. El consejo de un abogado experto puede ayudar a evitar los problemas que puedan surgir. Las respuestas anteriores sà ³lo tienen un propà ³sito informativo general y NO substituyen o constituyen consejo legal para ningà ºn caso concreto ni tampoco son la base de una relacià ³n abogado-cliente. Deberà ­as consular con un abogado de inmigracià ³n sobre las circunstancias particulares de tu caso antes de tomar ninguna decisià ³n sobre tu situacià ³n o iniciar algà ºn trmite. Consejos migratorios en caso de green card por matrimonio Tanto los ciudadanos americanos como los residentes permanentes legales pueden solicitar la green card para su cà ³nyuge por razà ³n de matrimonio. Aunque bsicamente los requisitos son los mismos en ambas situaciones es conveniente destacar importantes diferencias. En primer lugar, el tiempo de tramitacià ³n, ya que es ms rpido en el caso de las peticiones presentadas por ciudadanos. Los residentes deben esperar por cupo, segà ºn datos actualizados mensualmente en el boletà ­n de visas.   En segundo lugar, es muy recomendable prestar atencià ³n en los casos en los que el cà ³nyuge pedido està © en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de indocumentado. La razà ³n es que en el caso de peticià ³n de residentes no pueden ajustar su estatus y en el caso de solicitud de ciudadanos sà ³lo cuando la persona pedida entrà ³ legalmente a los Estados Unidos (con la excepcià ³n de los casados con militares en aplicacià ³n del programa Parole in Place). La consecuencia de ello es que si no es posible ajustar el estatus se tendr que finalizar el proceso fuera de los Estados Unidos, lo cual har saltar el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Y en tercer lugar, en algunos casos las tarjetas de residencia que se obtienen por razà ³n de matrimonio con ciudadano pueden ser, inicialmente, temporales por sà ³lo dos aà ±os. En este caso es obligatorio levantar la condicionalidad para convertir esa residencia temporal en permanente. Asimismo, es importante seà ±alar que el solicitante de la green card para su cà ³nyuge puede en cualquier momento poner fin a los trmites. Sin embargo, esto no puede utilizarse como una amenaza hacia el cà ³nyuge extranjero. Y es que en casos de abuso podrà ­a tener derecho a obtener por sà ­ mismo la green card en base al programa VAWA. Finalmente, al igual que ocurre con los matrimonios heterosexuales, los matrimonios de conveniencia con el fin de obtener la green card estn penados por la ley. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Risk Management - Essay Example However, upon the end of implementation phase, closing a project becomes a necessary point. Closing a project requires careful analysis and often misunderstood from a project management standpoint. This paper will discuss some of the project closures that are challenging for project management. Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS. Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project. One of the most pivotal contingency strategy is to have a high incremental cost of resources. Resources are often less expensive when they are bought in bulk, but expensive if they are purchased incrementally. Hence, it is critical to have software and other resources purchased in bulk to avoid paying extra money. One of the biggest concerns for closing a project is the end the finer details of the store. This becomes more problematic the project does not achieve optimal results. This is where the project may fall. For instance, The Project Manager should produce confirmation from the Senior User or User Group that the final product or outcome of the project meets the acceptance criteria.   The fourth element of risk is user testing is one element that can be problematic, especially in an Agile environment. In every given WBS, user testing is defined in iterations. However, user testing becomes problematic given a final holistic approach of the project itself. Even in beta testing becomes problematic, which is definitely an issue because it obliterates quality in a project and creates chaos. Managing change request is another huge issue that project managers have to be well-aware off. This is problematic because change requests are part of any project management. In order to manage change requests, project managers must collaborate with stake holders in order to remove any unclear understanding that dictates the goals and the objectives of the project. Controlling change

Expansion into Diverse Business Environment Coursework

Expansion into Diverse Business Environment - Coursework Example to be selected where population has Stable knowledge about big box stores but don’t have much exposure The population there enjoys shopping Has the buying power Population is high ( will explain this fact later on ) Will be fascinated by new retail store formats. Our consideration set is now reduced to few countries which include Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Vietnam and some more. Pakistan stands out the as the demographics and psychographics indicate a population who look up to the western lifestyle as the ideal lifestyle and are a followers of western culture. Pakistan although overall is economically weak but it’s a known fact that it’s one of those few countries where the public is much richer than the government. A detailed analysis will highlight major points of the business environment. ANALYSING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: There are a lot of the factors that affect the business ,the external factors which are called the Macro-Environmental factors (beyond the control of the business) and the internal factors called the Micro-Environmental factors. Analyzing these factors in detail a conclusion can be made whether the environment is favorable for the business or not. PEST ANALYIS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND STRATEGIES A detailed analysis of the Pakistani macro environment, strategies pertaining to them along with recommendations for executing these strategies is mentioned in detail in this section. Political Factors: The Government of Pakistan are looking for opportunities and investors interested to invest in infrastructure development of Pakistan and are willing to offer helping hand. Although there are strict governmental policies on sale of things which are forbidden in Islam and for that policies have to be worked upon in collaboration with the government.... Expansion into Diverse business Environment The retailing sector of the business is the most developing sector these days with all of the technology converged at it to extract most out of this business sector. With the highest amount of returns and compensating to major portions of countries globally retailing has laid its root deep into the business world. Now considering the facts that retailing is also divided into various sectors which cater to different needs ranging from daily household items to luxury products, from products for the masses to products tailored to match to the needs of few. Food Retailing Business & Supermarkets: Food retailing is major share holder in the retailing sector. Traditionally if we analyze the food sector retailing majority of the sales were made by supermarkets. But there has been a shift in trend which has put the traditional supermarkets down to just a 61% share holder in food retailing and now 39% of the sales are made newer formats of stores now opening which include supercenters, wareho use clubs, convenience stores etc. As a result of this superstores have stepped back a little introducing new varieties of services and products offered; variety of non-food items like electronics, cosmetics, toiletries, cutleries and services like bank atms, cafes etc. In the light of the analysis and facts mentioned Pakistan seem to offer a favorable retail market with high ROI. The political and the cultural factors offer great opportunities of growth if the strategies are implemented in a coordinated and planned manner.

Globalization and the New World Order Assignment

Globalization and the New World Order - Assignment Example This has encouraged entrepreneurs to venture into business opportunities. Compared to the 50s, many economies have grown exponentially. For example, China has been a notable economy rising fast (OECD International Trade Statistics, 2010). The reason behind China’s rocketing economy is its investments in foreign direct investments (FDI). China has continued to make investments in other countries and is currently the leading country in terms of revenue from the foreign direct investments. So has globalization created a new world order? An individual needs to have the meaning of ‘new world order’ to answer the question. New world order generally refers to change in the global trend. New world order summarizes the numerous explanations of common human behavior across the entire world. Globalization has made it possible for people all across the world to communicate and share with each other (James, 2009). The fact that, majority of the people worldwide are affected by globalization, directly or indirectly, make globalization a trend setter or a common factor in the world. Hence to state that globalization has created a new world order makes complete sense. Globalization affects every economy in the world regardless of the economics’ strength and stability. Big economies have invested in other smaller economy. Developing nations have strengthened their economies due to the revenue gotten from international trade. The new world order has also improved on the living standards and lifestyles in the developing countries (James, 2009). One of the fundamental economic factor that globalization, or the new world order, has had a major influence is the creation or jobs. Ranging from countries based investments to multinational corporations; the job opportunities have life easy for ‘the worker’. Question 2; Globalization is Dead? Globalization can be the cultural, economic or social interaction between two or more people from different origins. To date, people travel globally as tourists to other counties. The major attraction in tourism is culture. People love to explore cultures in form of art like; music, paintings, dancing and publications (Norris, 2009). The mode of dressing has made the fashion industry boom to become a multi-billion industry. Artistic ideas continue to be exchanged all over the world. Due to the high levels of technology, one does not need to leave his motherland to experience this cultural interaction. One can simply access the internet and other sources of information media that are available to them. Economically, businesses still strive to find new markets. Both large scaled, and small scaled, businesses have and continue to be created due to the endless interaction of people. Investors from foreign countries invest in a country; hence, improving the individual’s lives. Ideas also borrowed from other countries also become successful ventures. Globalization continues to create bu siness and trade opportunities that help in develop any economy or the livelihood of any person (Keith, 2006). Socially globalization has made changes in the way of life. Some social occasions like sporting events promote the interaction of people from different origin. Olympics have over the years been a prominent sporting event that attracts athletes from all over the world. In some European and Latin countries, street festivals attract millions of tourists. Among the many globalization elements, socially, religion is the most spread among the world population. People have and continue to change their religious belief (Elliott, 2009). This is as a result of the infinite interaction of pe

The Different Types And Effects Of Pollution

The Different Types And Effects Of Pollution Pollution is the beginning of a waste into the atmosphere making it impossible to make life on earth possible to sustain. Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life. Pollution harms the Earths environment and its people in many ways. Presence of matter (gas, liquid, solid) or energy (heat, noise, radiation) whose nature, location, or quantity directly or indirectly alters characteristics or processes of any part of the environment, and causes (or has the potential to cause) damage to the condition, health, safety, or welfare of animals, humans, plants, or property. The introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. Physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. There are two types of the cause of pollution, natural and man-made. Natural pollution occurs naturally and wont cause excessive harm to our lives due to its regeneration ability. While the man-made pollution is caused by human activities, and hard to get rid of. The backbones of man-made pollution are human population and technology. Naturally human needs contact to the environment, we get resources from nature. This is for the sake of living. By the increase of human population, the contact is getting more intensive, because needs are increasing. And by the findings and development of new technologies, human can apply them to get the resources. And its common that new technologies would bring their respective side effects besides their advantages. TYPES OF POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION LIGHT POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION SHIP POLLUTION RADIATION POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earths ecosystems. Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and holes in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as black carbon pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major sourc e of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quanitites of soot into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxides (SOx) Sulfur dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants. Carbon monoxide It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) It is a greenhouse gas which is emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital to living organisms. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere. Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Toxic metals- such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) It is harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. Ammonia (NH3) -Ammonia is emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. Odors such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes Radioactive pollutants which are produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Secondary pollutants include: Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word smog is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NOx and VOCs. Minor air pollutants include: A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel Stationary Sources include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices Mobile Sources include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is not toxic; however, it is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19.5% by displacement. Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry Natural sources Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation. Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle. Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earths crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking. Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates. HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Particulate control Mechanical collectors Electrostatic precipitators An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. Baghouses These are designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with theliquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants. Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Mechanically aided scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber NOx control Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction NOx scrubbers Catalytic converter Acid Gas/SO2 control Wet scrubbers Dry scrubbers Dont smoke Keep your car maintenance up-to-date Dont buy products that come in aerosol spray cans Avoid using lighter fluid when barbecuing outside When you drive accelerate slowly and use cruise control Always replace your cars air filter Use a push or electric lawnmower rather than a gas-powered one Dont use harsh chemical cleaners that can emit fumes Inspect your gas appliances and heaters regularly Facts about Air Pollution Almost 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every day, adding greenhouse gases into the air. U.S. vehicle emissions contribute 45% to global warming The average adult consumes 3,000 gallons of polluted air every day Vehicle exhaust contributes to 60% of carbon monoxide emissions in the U.S. and up to 95% in large cities Every year 335,000 Americans die of lung cancer, which is a direct result of air pollution SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION Some of the main contributors to water pollution are: Factories Refineries Waste treatment facilities Mining Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers Human sewage Oil spills Failing septic systems Soap from washing your car Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Household chemicals Animal waste WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Oil spills, household chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers are the major sources of water pollution. The best way to prevent water pollution is to not throw trash and other harmful chemicals into our water supplies because it causes harm to the rivers and lakes. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% of Chinas cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were c lassified as polluted. Facts about Water Pollution Over two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are severely degraded because of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution Every year almost 25% of U.S. beaches are closed at least once because of water pollution Over 73 different kinds of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we eventually use to drink 1.2 trillion gallons of sewage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. waters every year 40% of U.S. rivers are too polluted for aquatic life to survive Americans use over 2.2 billion pounds of pesticides every year, which eventually washes into our rivers and lakes How to Prevent Water Pollution The best way to prevent water pollution is to not throw trash and other harmful chemicals into our water supplies. Here are a few more ways you can prevent water pollution: Wash your car far away from any storm water drains Dont throw trash, chemicals or solvents into sewer drains Inspect your septic system every 3-5 years Avoid using pesticides and fertilizers that can run off into water systems Sweep your driveway instead of hosing it down Always pump your waste-holding tanks on your boat Use non-toxic cleaning materials Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up Dont wash paint brushes in the sink NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning seasickness. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area. Indoor and outdoor noise pollution sources include car alarms, emergency service sirens, mechanical equipment, fireworks, compressed air horns, grounds keeping equipment, barking dogs, appliances, lighting hum, audio entertainment systems, electric megaphones, and loud people. The fact that you cant see, taste or smell it may help explain why it has not received as much attention as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or water pollution. The air around us is constantly filled with sounds, yet most of us would probably not say we are surrounded by noise. Though for some, the persistent and escalating sources of sound can often be considered an annoyance. Th is annoyance can have big danger. MITIGATION AND CONTROL FOR NOISE POLLUTION Here are a variety of strategies for mitigating roadway noise including: use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project. Aircraft noise can be reduced to some extent by design of quieter jet engines, which was pursued vigorously in the 1970s and 1980s. This strategy has brought limited but noticeable reduction of urban sound levels. Reconsideration of operations, such as altering flight paths and time of day runway use, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports. FAA sponsored residential retrofit (insulation) programs initiated in the 1970s has also enjoyed success in reducing interior residential noise in thousands of residences across the United States. Exposure of workers to Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organization, regularly lobbies for the enforcement of noise ordinances at all levels of government. LIGHT POLLUTION The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) defines light pollution as: Any adverse effect of artificial light including sky glow, glare, light trespass, light clutter, decreased visibility at night, and energy waste. Such an approach confuses the cause and its result, however. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, CO2 etc. Adverse consequences are multiple, some of them may be not known yet. Real definitions are to be, therefore, like: Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources. Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (from those present naturally) due to man-made sources of light. Indoor light pollution is such alteration of light levels in the indoor environment due to sources of light, which compromises human health. Light pollution is the introduction by humans, directly or indirectly, of artificial light into the environment. In spite of the scientific approach, The U.S. National Park Service, whose Night Sky Team determined that almost every park that it surveyed has noticeable light pollution, defines the term still as: Principally, the illumination of the night sky caused by artificial light sources, decreasing the visibility of stars and other natural sky phenomena. Also includes other incidental or obtrusive aspects of outdoor lighting such as glare, trespass into areas not needing lighting, use in areas where or at times when lighting is not needed, and disturbance of the natural nighttime landscape. Light pollution obscures the stars in the night sky for city dwellers, interferes with astronomical observatories, and, like any other form of pollution, disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health effects. Light pollution can be divided into two main types: (1) annoying light that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light setting (2) excessive light (generally indoors) that leads to discomfort and adverse health effects. Since the early 1980s, a global dark-sky movement has emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. WAYS TO REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTION Reducing light pollution implies many things, such as reducing sky glow, reducing glare, reducing light trespass, and reducing clutter. The method for best reducing light pollution, therefore, depends on exactly what the problem is in any given instance. Possible solutions include: Utilizing light sources of minimum intensity necessary to accomplish the lights purpose. Turning lights off using a timer or occupancy sensor or manually when not needed. Improving lighting fixtures, so that they direct their light more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects. Adjusting the type of lights used, so that the light waves emitted are those that are less likely to cause severe light pollution problems. Evaluating existing lighting plans, and re-designing some or all of the plans depending on whether existing light is actually needed. LAND POLLUTION Land pollution is pollution of the Earths natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Land pollution is the degradation of Earths land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors. Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into motion which destroyed natural habitats and polluted the environment, causing diseases in both humans and other species of animals. SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION Some of the main contributors to land pollution are: Chemical and nuclear plants Industrial factories Oil refineries Human sewage Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Mining Littering Overcrowded landfills Deforestation Construction debris FACTS ABOUT LAND POLLUTION Every year one American produces over 3285 pounds of hazardous waste Land pollution causes us to lose 24 billion tons of top soil every year Americans generate 30 billion foam cups, 220 million tires and 1.8 billion disposable diapers every year We throw away enough trash every day to fill 63,000 garbage trucks Every day Americans throw away 1 million bushels of litter out their car window Over 80% of items in landfills can be recycled, but theyre not How to Prevent Land Pollution The best way to prevent land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can reduce land pollution: Reuse any items that you can Buy biodegradable products Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers Eat organic foods that are grown without pesticides Dont use pesticides Use a drip tray to collect engine oil Buy products that have little packaging Dont dump motor oil on the ground MARINE POLLUTION Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff and windblown debris. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products. TERMAL POLLUTION Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature (a) Decreases oxygen supply (b) Affects ecosystem composition. SHIP POLLUTION Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the worlds oceans and waterways as globalization continues. RADIATION POLLUTION Radiation pollution is any form of ionizing or no ionizing radiation that results from human activities. The most well-known radiation results from the detonation of nuclear devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating plants (see nuclear energy). Other sources of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing plants, by-products of mining operations, and experimental research laboratories. Increased exposure to medical X rays and to radiation emissions from microwave ovens and other household appliances, although of considerably less magnitude, all constitute sources of environmental radiation. Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased following the disclosure of possible harmful effects to the public from nuclear weapons testing, the accident (1979) at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power generating plant near Harrisburg, Pa., and the catastrophic 1986 explosion at Chernobyl, a Soviet nuclear power plant. In the late 1980s, revelations of major pollution problems at U.S. nuclear weapons reactors raised apprehensions even higher. REFRENCES Pollution causes effect and control By Roy M .Harrison Air Pollution By Jeremy Coils Global effect of environmental pollution By Siegfied Fred Singer Water Wars By Vandana Shiva Pollution By Christiane Dorion www.google.com Wikipedia.org